…Dh. (by heart); see above C4. combined w. Vinayadhara Vin.i.127, Vin.i.337; Vin.ii.8; AN.i.117, & bahussuta (ibid) Snp.58 (cp. Snp-a.110)
…

adverb adjective

1. (adv. & prep.) beyond, on the further side of (with abl. or loc.), over Pv-a.168 (para Gangāya, variant reading ˚āyaṃ). See in same meaning & application paraṃ, paro and parā & c …

atta (the latter is the form used in comp^n.)

I. Inflection

1. of attan- (n. stem); the foll. cases are the most freq:
   ■ acc. attānaṃ DN.i.13, DN.i.18 …

Thala¹

neuter dry ground, viz. high, raised (opp. low) or solid, firm (opp. water) SN.iv.179. As plateau opp. to ninna (low lying place) at Snp.30 (Snp-a.42 = ukkūla) Dhp.98; Iti.66 = SN. …

Nava¹

(num.) number nine. gen
■ dat. navannaṃ (Snp.p.87) instr
■ abl. navahi (Vv-a.76), loc. navasu.

Meaning and Application: The primitive-Aryan importance of the “mystic” nine i …

adj. nt.

1. (adj.) evil, bad, wicked, sinful AN.ii.222 sq. (and compar. pāpatara); Snp.57; Dhp.119 (opp. bhadra) Other compar-superl. forms are pāpiṭṭha SN.v.96 pāpiṭṭhatara Vin.ii.5; pāpiyyasika DN …

adverb behind, aft, after, afterwards, back; westward DN.i.205; Snp.645 Snp.773, Snp.949; Mnd.33 (= pacchā vuccati anāgataṃ, pure vuccati atītaṃ); Cnd.395; Dhp.172, Dhp.314, Dhp.421; Pv.i.11#1 Pv.i.11 …

pronoun another etc

A. By itself

1. other not the same, different, another, somebody else (opp oneself) Vin.iii.144 (aññena, scil. maggena, gacchati to take a different route); Snp.459, Sn …

indeclinable before (both local & temporal), thus either “before, in front” or “before, formerly, earlier.” In both meanings the opp. is pacchā -

1. local SN.i.176 (pure hoti t …

Citta¹ & Citra

adjective variegated, manifold, beautiful; tasty, sweet, spiced (of cakes), Ja.iv.30 (geṇḍuka); Dhp.171 (rājaratha); Vv.47#9; Pv.ii.11#2 (aneka˚); Pv.iv.3#13 (pūvā = madhurā …

The three formations (described below in the etymology) are represented in Pāli as follows.

1. gacch˚, in
   pres gacchati;
   imper gaccha & gacchāhi;
   pot gacche (Dhp.46, Dhp.224) & gacchey …

(& kallāṇa)

1. (adj.) beautiful, charming; auspicious, helpful, morally good. Syn bhaddaka Pv-a.9, Pv-a.116) and kusala (SN.ii.118; Pv-a.9 Pv-a.122); opp. pāpa (SN.i.83; MN.i.43; Pv-a.101, Pv-a …

inhabited country, the country (opp. town or market-place), the continent politically: a province, district, county DN.i.136 (opp nigama); DN.ii.349; AN.i.160, AN.i.178; Snp.422, Snp.683, Snp.995, Sn …

adjective

1. ancient, past Snp.312, Snp.944 (= Mnd.428 atītaṃ opp. nava = paccuppannaṃ); Dhp.156 (= pubbe katāni C.); with ref. to former births or previous existences p. kammaṃ SN. …

gone back from (-˚), returned (opp. abhi˚) DN.i.70 (abhikkanta +); AN.ii.104 AN.ii.106 sq., AN.ii.210; Pv.iv.1#43 (cp. Pv-a.240); DN-a.i.183 (= nivattana); Vv-a.6 (opp. abhi˚) Pv-a.11 (piṇḍapāta …

the doing, deed, work orig. meaning (see karoti) either building (cp. Lit kùrti, Opr. kūra to build) or weaving, plaiting (still in mālākamma and latā˚ “the intertwining of garland …

Kāla & Kāḷa

Preliminary

1. dark (syn. kaṇha, which cp. for meaning and applications), black, blueblack, misty, cloudy. Its proper sphere of application is the dark as opposed to light, and i …

1. going, going away, (opp. āgati coming) (both gati & āgati usually in pregnant sense of No. (2) See āgati); direction, course, career. Freq of the two careers of a Mahāpurisa (viz. either a Cakkavat …

Kāla & Kāḷa

Preliminary

1. dark (syn. kaṇha, which cp. for meaning and applications), black, blueblack, misty, cloudy. Its proper sphere of application is the dark as opposed to light, and i …

adjective

1. ripe (opp. āma raw, as Vedic; and apakka) and also “cooked, boiled, baked” SN.i.97 (opp. āmaka); SN.iv.324 (˚bhikkhā); Snp.576; Ja.v.286
   ■ nt. pakkaṃ that which is ripe, i.e. a fr …

(jeti, jināti) to conquer, surpass; to pillage, rob, to overpower, to defeat
pres [jayati] jeti Ja.ii.3; jināti Snp.439; Dhp.354; Ja.i.289; Ja.iv.71
pot jeyya …

adjective small, little, insignificant, often in the sense of “very little = (next to) nothing” (so in most compounds); thus expl^d. at Vv-a.334 as equivalent to a negative part. (see *[a …

1. doing, acting, working; work, business, occupation profession. paṭicchanna˚ of secret acting Snp.127 Vb.357; as being punished in Niraya AN.i.60; SN.iv.180 as occupation esp. in pl. kammantā: SN.v. …

adjective

1. belonging to the body, i.e. felt by the body (experienced by the senses), or resulting from the body, i.e. done by the body (= acted as opposed to spoken or thought). sukhaṃ physical hap …

adverb against the stream (opp. anusotaṃ) Iti.114; Ja.i.70; Pv-a.154. paṭisotagāmin going against the stream, toiling, doing hard work SN.i.136; AN.ii.6 (opp. anu˚), AN.ii.214 sq.

paṭi + sotaṃ, acc. of sota

falling off, diminution (opp. ācaya gathering, heaping up), unmaking, esp. loss (of wordliness) decrease (of possibility of rebirth Vin.ii.2 = Vin.iii.21 = Vin.iv.213 cp. Ja.iii.342 …

adjective

1. light (opp. garuka); trifling Vin.i.49; AN.ii.48 (āpatti); AN.iv.137 (jīvitaṃ parittaṃ l.) Mil.344 (āpatti).
2. light, buoyant Thag.104 (kāyo) Dhs.648; Mil.105; Pv-a …

world, primarily “visible world,” then in general as “space or sphere of creation, with var. degrees of substantiality. Often (unspecified in the comprehensive sense of “universe.” Sometimes the term …

Paritta¹

adjective small, little, inferior, insignificant limited, of no account, trifling Vin.i.270; DN.i.45; MN.iii.148 (˚ābha of limited splendour, opp. appamāṇ’ ābha); SN.ii.98; SN.iv. …

1. As adj. n.un
   1. born, grown, arisen, produced (= nibbatta pātubhūta Cnd.256) Snp.576 (jātānaṃ maccānaṃ niccaṃ maraṇato bhayaṃ); jātena maccena kattabbaṃ kusalaṃ bahuṃ Dhp.53 = Mil.333; yakkhinī …

Culla & cūḷa

adjective small, minor (opp mahā great, major), often in conn. with names & titles of books, e.g. c˚ Anāthapiṇḍika = A jr. Ja.ii.287, cp Anglo-Indian chota sahīb the younger gentleman ( …

1. rough, hard, harsh (lit. & fig.) Dhs.648 (opp.; muduka Dhs.962 (rūpaṃ paṭhavīdhātu: kakkhalaṃ kharagataṃ kakkhaḷattaṃ kakkhaḷabhāvo); Vism.349 (= thaddha), Vism.591, Vism.592 (˚ …

adjective noun

1. (adj. unpleasant, painful, causing misery (opp. sukha pleasant Vin.i.34; Dhp.117. Lit. of vedanā (sensation) MN.i.59 (˚ṃ vedanaṃ vediyamāna, see also below iii.1 …

adjective low, inferior, humble (opp. ucca high, fr. adv. ud˚) Vin.i.46, Vin.i.47; Vin.ii.194; DN.i.109, DN.i.179 DN.i.194; AN.v.82; Snp-a.424 (nīcaṃ karoti to degrade); passim.

*\ …

Culla & cūḷa

adjective small, minor (opp mahā great, major), often in conn. with names & titles of books, e.g. c˚ Anāthapiṇḍika = A jr. Ja.ii.287, cp Anglo-Indian chota sahīb the younger gentleman ( …

only used with ref. to the bhikkhus of Gotama Buddha’s community
(adj.) senior Vin.i.47, Vin.i.290 (th. bhikkhū opp. navā bh.), Vin.i.159 (th bhikkhu a senior bh. opp. to navaka bh. a novice), Vin.i …

1. lit. hard, rigid firm Ja.i.293 (opp. muduka); Vism.351 (˚lakkhaṇa) Pv-a.139 (= ujjhangala).
2. fig.
   1. hardened, obdurate callous, selfish DN.i.118 (māna˚); DN.iii.45 (+ atimānin); AN.ii.26 = …

1. sign, omen, portent, prognostication DN.i.9 (study of omens = n. satthaṃ DN-a.i.92, q.v. for detailed explⁿ); Ja.i.11 (caturo nimitte nâddasaṃ); Mil.79, Mil.178 Esp. as pubba˚; signs …

adjective

1. external, outside (opp. abbhantara inside) outer, foreign DN.ii.75; AN.iv.16; Dhp.394 (fig. in meaning of 2); Ja.i.125 (antara˚ inside & outside); Ja.i.337 (out o …

view, belief, dogma, theory, speculation, esp. false theory, groundless or unfounded opinion

1. The latter is rejected by the Buddha as pāpa˚; (AN.iv.172) and pāpikā d. (opp bhaddikā: AN.v.212 sq …

adjective

1. hindmost, hind-, back-, last (opp. purima), latest DN.i.239; MN.i.23 (˚yāma the last night watch); DN-a.i.45 sq. (id. ˚kicca duties or performances in the 3^rd watch, corres …

made bad, spoilt, corrupt, wicked, bad (opp. pasanna, e.g. at AN.i.8; Iti.12, Iti.13; DN.iii.32 (˚citta); MN.iii.49; AN.ii.30; Snp.662; Dhp.1; Ja.ii.401; Dhp-a.i.23 (opp. pasanna); Pv-a.34, Pv-a.43 …

adjective noun that which is personal, subjective, arises from within (in contrast to anything outside, objective or impersonal); as adv. & ˚interior, personal, inwardly (opp.; bahiddhā bāhira etc o …

an ordinary, average person (4 classes of ordinary people are discussed at Cpd. 49, 50) a common worldling, a man of the people, an ordinary man MN.i.1, MN.i.7, MN.i.135, MN.i.239, MN.i.323; MN.iii. …

adjective far distant, remote, opp. āsanna (Ja.ii.154) or santika (Dhs.677; Vism.402)
■ Pv-a.117. Often in compounds (see below), also as dūri˚; e.g. dū …

adjective noun

1. (adj.) long DN.i.17; MN.i.429; SN.i.104 (˚ṃ addhānaṃ); Snp.146, Snp.633 (opp. rassa); Dhp.60 Dhp.409; Pv.i.10#11 (˚ṃ antaraṃ all the time); Pv.ii.9#55 (id.) Thag.646 (˚m-antare); D …

adjective

1. right (opp vāma left), with a tinge of the auspicious, lucky prominent: Vin.ii.195 (hattha); Pv-a.112, Pv-a.132 (id.) Pts.i.125. hattha, pāda, etc. with ref. to a Tathāgata’s body); Ja …

vexed, cross, enraged Ja.iv.358 (opp. to tuṭṭha variant reading atuṭṭha), Ja.v.211 (gloss kuddha); Dāvs iii.37.

pp. of ruṣ; Sk. ruṣṭa

to be slow, to tarry Thag.293 (opp. tāreti)
pp dandhāyita see in der. ˚tta.

Denom. fr. dandha

crookedness, deceit (opp. ujutā) Dhs.50, Dhs.51 (+ vankatā); Vb.359.

n. abstr. to jimha

adjective crooked, oblique, slant, fig. dishonest, false (cp. vanka, opp. uju | MN.i.31 (+ vanka) AN.v.289, AN.v.290; Ja.i.290 (spelled jima); Ja.iii.111 = Ja.v.222 Ja.vi.66; Vism.219 (ajimha = uju); …

stupidity (= dandhatā) DN.i.249 (opp. vitthāyitatta); SN.ii.54; Mil.105; DN-a.i.252.

der. fr. dandheti

adjective short (opp dīgha) DN.i.193 (dīghā vā r. vā majjhimā ti vā), DN.i.223 (in contrast with d.); Snp.633; Dhp.409; Ja.i.356; Dhs.617 Vism.272 (def.); Dhp-a.iv.184
■ Cp. ati˚.

• *-[ādesa](/ …

Itthi & Itthī

feminine woman female; also (usually as-˚) wife. Opp. purisa man (see e.g. for contrast of itthi and purisa Ja.v.72, Ja.v.398; Ne.93; Dhp-a.i.390; Pv-a.153)
■ SN.i.33 (nibbānass’ e …

Itthi & Itthī

feminine woman female; also (usually as-˚) wife. Opp. purisa man (see e.g. for contrast of itthi and purisa Ja.v.72, Ja.v.398; Ne.93; Dhp-a.i.390; Pv-a.153)
■ SN.i.33 (nibbānass’ e …

gone, in all meanings of gacchati (q.v.) viz.

1. literal. gone away, arrived at, directed to (c. acc.), opp ṭhita: gate ṭhite nisinne (loc. abs.) when going standing, sitting down (cp. gacchati 1) DN …

adverb against the wind (opp. anuvātaṃ) Vin.ii.218; SN.i.13; Snp.622; Dhp.54, Dhp.125; Pv-a.116; Sdhp.425.

paṭi + vātaṃ, acc. cp. Sk. prativāta & prativātaṃ

subtraction (opp. sankalana) DN-a.i.95. The word is not clear (cp. Dial. i.22).

paṭa (?) + upp˚

covered, closed, shut, obstructed (opp. vivaṭa) MN.i.118; MN.iii.61; SN.i.40; AN.ii.104; Mnd.149; Ja.i.266; Mil.102 (dvāra), Mil.161; Vism.185; DN-a.i.182 (˚dvāra).

pp. of pidahati

1. adj.
   1. lit. heavy, opp. lahu light, applied to bhāra, a load SN.iii.26; Ja.i.196 (= bhārika); Ja.vi.420; Dhp-a.i.48; Sdhp.494 (rūpagarubhāra the heavy load of “form”). Compa …

merit meritorious action, virtue. Always represented as foundation and condition of heavenly rebirth & a future blissful state, the enjoyment (& duration) of which depends on the amount of merit accum …

adjective preceding, former, earlier, before (opp pacchima) DN.i.179; Snp.773, Snp.791, Snp.1011; Mnd.91; Ja.i.110; Snp-a.149 (˚dhura); Pv-a.1, Pv-a.26. In sequence p. majjhima pacchima; past, pres …

adjective previous, first Vin.ii.167 (opp. pacchimaka). f. -ika Vin.i.153.

fr. purima

getting or being full, fulness Vin.ii.239 (opp. unattaṃ).

abstr. fr. pūra

adjective bad, wicked, wretched, sinful Vin.i.8; SN.i.149, SN.i.207; SN.v.418 (p. akusala citta); Snp.127 Snp.215, Snp.664; Dhp.66, Dhp.78, Dhp.211, Dhp.242; Ja.i.128; Pv.ii.7#16 (= lāmaka C.); Pv.ii. …

adjective constant, firm, self-relying of character; wise, possessing the knowledge of the Dhamma, often = paṇḍita & epithet of an Arahant DN.ii.128; SN.i.24 (lokapariyāyaṃ aññāya nibbutā dh.), SN.i. …

adjective of the next world, divine, heavenly, celestial, superb magnificent, fit for exalted beings higher than man (devas, heroes, manes etc.), superhuman, opp. mānusaka human. Freq. qualifying the …

Diṭṭha¹

1. seen; a˚ not seen DN.i.222 (a˚ + avedita asacchikata); MN.i.3 sq. (diṭṭhaṃ diṭṭhato sañjānāti); Snp.147 (diṭṭhā vā ye vā addiṭṭhā), Snp.995 (na me diṭṭho ito pubbe na ssuto… Sat …

adverb

1. on the one side (opp. on the other) Ja.iii.51; Ja.iv.141.
2. together Ja.ii.415; Ja.iii.57 (vasanto), Ja.iii.52 (sannipatanti) Ja.iii.391; Ja.iv.390; Dhp-a.i.18. ekato karoti to put toge …

to swallow down (opp. uggilati) MN.i.393 (inf. ogilituṃ) Mil.5 (id.).

o + gilati

■ Instr. jātiyā (Snp.423) & jaccā (DN.ii.8; Ja.iii.395; Dhp.393); abl. jātiyā (SN.i.88) & jātito (by descent: DN.ii.8); loc. jātiyaṃ (Pv-a.10) & jātiyā (Pv-a.78).

1. birth, rebirth, possibility of …

adjective free from impurity Vin.i.3; opp. anikkasāva (q.v. Dhp.9≈.

Sk. niṣkaṣāya nis + kasāva see kasāya 2^d

river; often characterised as mahā˚ in opp to kun˚ rivulet; pl. nadiyo also collect. “the waters
■ DN.i.244 (Aciravatī nadī); SN.ii.32, SN.ii.118, SN.ii.135; SN.v.390; AN.i.33, AN.i.136, AN.i.243 (m …

adjective noun young; a young man, a newly ordained bhikkhu (opp. thera), novice (cp. Divy.404) Ja.i.33 (sangha˚); Pv-a.76 (id.)
■ Freq. in compar navakatara a younger one, …

Ni˚

Nearly all (ultimately prob. all) words under this heading are compounds with the pref. ni.

A. Forms

1. Pāli ni˚; combines the two prefixes ni, nis (nir). They ar …

sleep AN.ii.48, AN.ii.50; AN.iii.251; Snp.926 (opp. jāgariyā), Snp.942 (see explⁿ at Mnd.423); Ja.i.61, Ja.i.192; Ja.ii.128
■ niddaṃ okkamati to fall asleep Vin.i.15 …

small town market town (opp. janapada); often combined with gāma (see gāma 2) Vin.i.110 (˚sīma), Vin.i.188 (˚kathā), Vin.i.197 (Setakaṇṇika˚); DN.i.7 (˚kathā), DN.i.101 (˚sāmanta), D …

restraint Vism.134 (cittassa). Opp. pagg˚.

abstr. fr. ni + gṛh, cp. next

(niggalati) to swallow down (opp. uggilati to spit out, throw up) Ja.iv.392 (sic as variant reading; text niggalati).

Sk. nigirati, ni + gilati

“slaying or being slain,” defeat, loss (opp. ugghāti) Snp.828. Cp. nighāta.

ni + ghāti

going out, departing Ja.ii.153; Vv-a.71 (opp. pavesana); fig renunciation Kp-a.184 (kata˚ as adj. = nikkāmin). See also abhi˚. Nikkhameti & Nikkhameti;

BSk. niṣkramaṇa, to nikkhamati

adjective empty, vain useless, stupid, foolish DN.i.187 (opp. to sacca), DN.i.199; Snp.354; Dhp.260 (˚jiṇṇa grown old in vain; C. explains as tuccha-jiṇṇa Dhp-a.iii.388); Dhp-a.i.110 (patthanā a fu …

adjective

1. last, latest (opp. purimaka) Vin.ii.9; Cnd.284 D. = Thag.202; Dhs-a.262; Ja.vi.151.
2. lowest, meanest Ja.i.285 (pacchimakā itthiyo).

fr. pacchima

adverb behind after Dhp.348 (= anāgatesu khandhesu Dhp-a.iv.63; opp pure); Pv-a.56, Pv-a.74; Dhp-a.iii.197 (˚vatti). Often doubled pacchato pacchato, i.e. always or close behind, Ja.ii.123 (opp. p …

to turn back, to return (opp. gacchati), to turn away from, to flee, vanish, disappear Vin.i.46; DN.i.118; Ja.i.223; Ja.ii.153 Ja.iv.142; Snp.p.80; Pv.ii.9#34; Pv.iv.10#7; Snp-a.374; Pv-a.74 Pv-a.1 …

one who holds back or refuses (entrance) (opp. pavesetar) DN.ii.83 = SN.iv.194; AN.v.194 (dovāriko aññātānaṃ nivāretā ñātānam pavesetā).

n. agent to nivāreti

to spread over, spread out, cover Mil.121 (opp. paṭikkamati, of water). See also avattharati.

o + tharati, Sk. root str

sunk, low down, deficient, lacking Ja.i.336 (opp. ussanna) Hardly to be derived from ava + syad.

pp. of osīdati for osanna, ss after ussanna

(nt. m.) diversity, variety, manifoldness, multiformity, distraction; all sorts of (opp. ekatta, cp. MN.i.364: “the multiformity of sensuous impressions,” M.A.). Enumⁿ of diversity as nānat …

the lower or lowest, the one on this side, this (opp. yonder) only in comb^n. orima-tīra the shore on this side, the near shore (opp. pāra˚ and pārima˚ the far side) DN.i.244; SN.iv.175 ( …

fallen, gone, gone down; also: creeping only in foll. compounds:

• -ga a snake Thag.429 (˚inda chief of snake-demons) Ja.v.166; Mil.23.
• -gandha with gone down (i.e. deterio …

loss, diminution (opp. vuddhi) SN.ii.206; SN.iv.76, SN.iv.79; SN.v.143, SN.v.173; AN.i.15; AN.iii.76 sq. AN.iv.288; AN.v.19 sq., AN.v.96, AN.v.124 sq.; Ja.ii.233; Dhp-a.iii.335 Dhp-a.iv.185.

fr. pa …

to step backwards, to return (opp. abhi˚) Vin.ii.110, Vin.ii.208; MN.i.78; SN.i.200, SN.i.226 SN.ii.282; Snp.388 (ger. ˚kkamma = nivattitvā Snp-a.374) Snp-a.53
caus paṭikkamāpeti to cause to ret …

hard or solid food, opp. to and freq. combined with bhojaniya (q.v.). So at DN.ii.127; Ja.i.90, Ja.i.235; Ja.iii.127; Snp.p.110; Mil.9, Mil.11
■ Also in combination anna, pāna …

adjective younger (opp. jeṭṭha) AN.iv.93 = Ja.ii.348; Dhp-a.i.152; the younger brother Mhvs.5, Mhvs.33, Mhvs.8, Mhvs.10 Mhvs.35, Mhvs.49; Mhvs.36, Mhvs.116; -ikā and -akā a younger sister, Mhvs …

adjective

1. (cp. kappa ii.1^a) according to rule, right, suitable, fitting, proper, appropriate (Pv-a.26 = anucchavika paṭirūpa) Ja.i.392; DN-a.i.9; Pv-a.25 Pv-a.141
   ■ a˚; not r …

1. a small particle of broken rice (opp. taṇḍula a full grain) Ja.vi.341, Ja.vi.366 (˚āhi pūvaṃ pacitvā).
2. a small spot, a freckle, mole, in a˚; (adj. having no moles DN.i.80, and sa˚; with mole …

1. a corner, an angle Vin.i.48, Vin.i.286; Ja.i.73; Ja.iii.42 Ja.v.38; Ja.vi.519; Pv-a.74; Dhp-a.ii.178; Dāvs ii.111- cīvara˚; the edge of the garment Vism.389. Freq. in cpd. catu˚; (catukkaṇṇa …

adjective wise, clever, skilled, circumspect, intelligent Vin.ii.190 (+ buddhimanto) DN.i.12 (˚vedaniya comprehensible only by the wise), DN.i.120 (opp. duppañña); DN.iii.192; MN.i.342; MN.iii.61, MN …

playfulness, unsettledness Vism.134 (opp. majjhatta), Vism.317.

fr. keḷāyati, cp. kelanā & keḷi