beszéd

kind of root Vin.i.201 = Vin.iv.35. Cp. vacattha.

…vācā)
■ In sequence vācā girā byappatha vacībheda vācasikā viññatti, as a defⁿ of speech Vin.iv.2,…

MāraNamuciKaṇhaAdhipatiAntakaPamattabandhuPāpimā

Generally regarded as the personification of Death, the Evil One, the Tempter. Sometimes known as the Dark One (Kaṇha). Snp.355 MN.i.377 DN.ii.262 T …

name, designation; metaphorical expression; near-synonym.

mode of expression

(formally) repudiated; separated, estranged

(& mfn.?)

1. (n.) immovability; imperturbability.
2. (mfn., or n. in apposition?) unmoved; not to be stirred; imperturbable (often applied both to determinative actions leading to existence in arūpāv …

released or vacant in the meantime

one who proclaims (the kammavācā); one who presents for upasampadā.

-ā, feminine

1. causing to be heard, sounding; proclamation (esp. of a kammavācā).
2. canvassing, speaking repeatedly (in order to win support)

causes to be heard; speaks out; proclaims (esp. a kammavācā); presents (someone) for upasampadā; speaks repeatedly (in order to win support)

causes to be heard; speaks out; proclaims (esp. a kammavācā); presents (someone) for upasampadā; speaks repeatedly (in order to win support)

-ā, feminine

1. causing to be heard, sounding; proclamation (esp. of a kammavācā).
2. canvassing, speaking repeatedly (in order to win support)

causes to be heard; speaks out; proclaims (esp. a kammavācā); presents (someone) for upasampadā; speaks repeatedly (in order to win support)

the state of not being amenable to criticism or advice, of being refractory, intractable.

, abstr., id of dovacassa

an expression of certainty or affirmation

whose speech is accompanied by the dripping of saliva.

of such behavior, of such conduct.

an expression of respect or esteem.

sphere of desire, domain of wishes

he statement or text of an official act of the saṅgha (for which silence is assent)

armor; a coat of mail.

designation as khandhas

somewhere; anywhere; in or regard to anything

somewhere; anywhere; in or regard to anything

belonging to the sphere of sensual experience (kāmadhātu)

means of making music; instruments.

high and low; great and small; mixed, various

up and down; in various ways; in a changing manner

involving a motion as a fourth requirement (i.e. with three proclamations (of the kammavāca)); with the addition of a motion as a fourth requirement.

involving a motion as a second requirement (with one proclamation of the kammavaca); plus a motion.

whose speech is persuasive or influential.

whose speech is persuasive or influential.

(& mfn.?)

1. (n.) immovability; imperturbability.
2. (mfn., or n. in apposition?) unmoved; not to be stirred; imperturbable (often applied both to determinative actions leading to existence in arūpāv …

Akanittha: the ‘Great or Non-junior Ones’, i.e. ‘Highest Gods’, are the inhabitants of the 5th and highest heaven of the Pure Abodes suddhāvāsa, cf. avacara deva II Anāgāmī

Akuppa-dhamma: The unshakeable state; is that of one who has attained full mastery over the absorptions jhāna. In Pug. 4 it is said: What person is unshakable? If a person gains the meditative …

Arūpāvacara: Formless spheres see: avacara

Avacara: S phere, realm, level or dimension. The 3 levels of existence are: the sense-level kāmāvacara, the fine-material level rūpāvacara, the formless level arūpāvacara. Which things are …

[[fine-material sphere]]Fine-material sphere: or [[fine-material sphere]]Fine-material world: see: avacara loka Absorptions of the: rūpa-jjhāna see: jhāna

[[immaterial sphere]]Immaterial sphere: arūpāvacara cf. avacara jhāna 5-8; Tab. I.

Javana: fr. javati to impel: ‘impulsion’, is the phase of full cognition in the cognitive series, or perceptual process citta-vīthi see. viññāna-kicca occurring at its climax, if the respe …

Jhāna: ‘absorption’ meditation refers chiefly to the four meditative absorptions of the fine-material sphere rūpa-jjhāna or rūpāvacara - jjhāna avacara They are achieved through the att …

…3 right speech sammā - vācā 4 right bodily action sammā - kammanta, 5 right livelihood sammā - ājīva 6 right or wrong energy…

Paramattha: sacca - vacana - Desanā ‘truth or term, exposition that is true in the highest or ultimate sense’, as contrasted with the ‘conventional truth’ vohāra - sacca which is also …

Parihāna-dhamma: ‘liable to decline’.;Now, someone reaches the attainments absorptions: jhāna of the fine-material or immaterial sphere see: avacara But he does not reach them according to h …

Pañca-vokāra-bhava: ‘five-group existence’, is a name for existence in the sense-sphere kāmāvacara or in the fine-material sphere rūpāvacara avacara since all the 5 groups of existence …

Phassa: fr. phusati to touch: ‘sense-contact’, contact. The term samphassa is used in compounds, e.g. in the following: ‘;T’here are 6 classes of sense-contact: visual contact cakkhu - *s …

[[planes of existence]]Planes of existence: the 3: see: avacara.

Puggala: ‘individual’, ‘person’, as well as the synonyms: personality, individuality, being satta self attā etc., in short all terms designating a personal entity, hence also: I, you, he, man, …

Āneñja: Static imperturbability, denotes the mental state of being(s) in the formless sphere arūpāvacara avacara, see: sankhāra cf. M. 106.

Abbhuta¹

adj. nt. terrifying, astonishing; strange, exceptional puzzling, extraordinary, marvellous, supernormal Described as a term of surprise & consternation (vimhay;’ āvahass’ adhivaca …

(interj.) alas, terrible, dreadful, awful (excl. of fright & shock) Vin.ii.115 (Bdhgh. explains as “utrāsa-vacanam-etaṃ”); MN.i.448. See also abbhu & abbhuta.

Vedic abhvaṃ, nt. of abhva, see expl …

1. to bring (to), to offer, fetch DN.iii.170; Ja.i.54, Ja.i.157; Ja.iii.537; Ja.iv.421; DN-a.i.272.
2. to curse, revile, abuse [cp. Sk. anuvyāharati & abhivyā˚] AN.i.198

pass abhihariyati Vv-a.17 …

talk, phrasing, expression Snp.49 (vācâbhilāpa making phrases, talking, idle or objectionable speech = tiracchanakathā Cnd.561); Iti.89 (? reading abhilāpāyaṃ uncertain, vv.ll. abhipāyaṃ abhipāpāyaṃ a …

to rejoice at, find pleasure in (acc.), approve of, be pleased or delighted with (acc. DN.i.46 (bhāsitaṃ), DN.i.55 (id.), DN.i.158, DN.i.223; MN.i.109, MN.i.458; SN.i.32 (annaṃ), SN.i.57, SN.i.14, (ca …

only in neg. an˚; displeasure, dislike, discontent AN.i.79; DN-a.i.52 (= kopass’ etaṃ adhivacanaṃ).

fr. abhiraddha

…next.

abstr. fr. abhisajjati in meaning of abhisanga…

adverb part. of affirmation and emphasis: certainly, for sure, really truly DN.i.143; Ja.i.19 (a. ahaṃ Buddho bhavissāmi) Ja.i.66 (a. tvaṃ Buddho bhavissasi), Ja.i.203, Ja.i.279; Ja.iii.340; Ja.v.307, …

same meaning as addhan but as simplex only used with reference to time (i.e. a long time, cp. Vv-a.117 addhānaṃ = ciraṃ). Usually in phrase atītaṃ (anāgataṃ etc.) addhānaṃ in …

A. Prep. and pref. of direction & place:

1. as direction denoting a movement towards a definite end or goal up to, over, toward, to, on (see C 1a.)
2. as place where (prep. c. loc. or abs.) = …

designation, term, attrîbute, metaphor, metaphorical expression DN.ii.62; MN.i.113 MN.i.144, MN.i.460; AN.ii.70, AN.ii.124; AN.iii.310; AN.iv.89, AN.iv.285, AN.iv.340; Iti.15 Iti.114; Snp.p.218; Ja.i. …

expression, saying, opinion; only in tt. adhivuttipada (variant reading adhimutti-p. at all passages) DN.i.13 (expl^d. by adhivacana-pada DN-a.i.103); MN.ii.228; AN.v.36.

adhi + vut …

indeclinable emphatic particle

1. in affirmative sentences: part. of assurance emphasis = for sure, very much (so), indeed, truly. Note. In connection with a dat. or an infin. the latter only app …

…Snp.452 = SN.i.189 (amatā vācā = amata-sadisā sādubhāvena Snp-a.399: “ambrosial”), Snp.960 (gacchato amataṃ disaṃ nibbānaṃ,…

Ambho

indeclinable part. of exclamation, employed:

1. to draw attention = look here, hey! hallo! Vin.iii.73 (= ālapan’ âdhivacana); Ja.ii.3; Pv-a.62.
2. to mark reproach anger = you silly, you rasc …

anger, wrath DN.i.3 (= kopass’etaṃ adhivacanaṃ DN-a.i.52).

an + abhiraddhi

“blind fly”, i.e. dark or yellow fly or gad-fly Snp.20 (= kāṇa-makkhikānaṃ adhivacanaṃ Snp-a.33).

fr. andha

…or clear throat or, of vācā speech: “clearly enunciated” (thus Mrs. Rh. D at Kindred Sayings i.241) Vin.i.197 =…

to have pity on, to feel sorry for, to help, give protection DN.i.53 (vācaṃ; cp. DN-a.i.160: sārato agaṇhaṇto); Ja.ii.74; Cnd.50 (ppr. med -gayhamāna = anukampamāna); Pp.36; Pv-a.181 (imper. *[an …

to have pity on, to feel sorry for, to help, give protection DN.i.53 (vācaṃ; cp. DN-a.i.160: sārato agaṇhaṇto); Ja.ii.74; Cnd.50 (ppr. med -gayhamāna = anukampamāna); Pp.36; Pv-a.181 (imper. *[an …

“according to taste”, i.e. satisfaction, thanks, esp. after a meal or after receiving gifts = to say grace or benediction, blessing, thanksgiving. In latter sense with dadāti (give thanks for = loca …

one who proclaims or announces, a speaker (of a kammavācā) Vin.i.74.

fr. anussāveti

wailing, crying, lamenting Mnd.167 (= vācāpalāpa vippalāpa etc.).

fr. anutthunāti

want of consideration, in expl^n. of dovacassatā at Dhs.1325 = Vb.359 = Pp.30 (where reading is anādariyatā).

abstr. fr. anādara

indeclinable both prep. & conj., orig meaning “close by”, then as prep. “towards, to, on to on” and as adv. “later, and, moreover”.

1. (prep. pref.)
   1. prep. c. loc.: api ratte later on in the n …

1. (n.) discontent, dissatisfaction, dejection, sulkiness DN.i.3 (= appatītā honti tena atuṭṭhā asomanassitā ti appacayo; domanass’ etaṃ adhivacanaṃ DN-a.i.52); DN.iii.159; MN.i.442; AN.i.79, AN.i.12 …

adjective without form or body, incorporeal, DN.i.195 sq.; DN.iii.240; Snp.755; Iti.62; Sdhp.228, Sdhp.463 Sdhp.480. See details under rūpa.

• -āvacara the realm or world of Formlessness, Dhs.1281 …

orig. a sharp stone as hurling-weapon thence in mythol. Indra’s thunderbolt thunder-clap, lightning Ja.i.71, Ja.i.167; Ja.ii.154; Ja.iii.323; Mil.277; Vv-a.83.

• -aggi the fire …

adjective not leaving a remnant, without a remainder, all, entire, complete Snp.2 sq., Snp.351, Snp.355, Snp.500, Snp.1037 (= sabba Cnd.113). As ˚-(adv.) entirely, fully completely Snp.p.141 (˚virāga …

great evil, exceedingly painful excessive suffering Pv-a.65; Sdhp.95. In atidukkhavāca Pv-a.15 ati belongs to the whole cpd., i.e. of very hurtful speech.

ati + dukkha

…ativattāro dharusavācāhi atikkamitvā vattāro C.).

Sk. *ativaktṛ, n. ag. to ati-vacati; cp. ativākya

Ativattar²

one…

abuse, blame, reproach Dhp.320, Dhp.321 (= aṭṭha-anariyavohāra-vasena pavattaṃ vītikkama-vacanaṃ Dhp-a.iv.3) Ja.vi.508.

ati + vac, cp. Sk. ativāda, fr. ati + vad

Ava˚

prefix

I. Relation between ava & o

Phonetically the difference between ava & o is this, that; ava is the older form, whereas o represents a later development. Histor …

adjective low, only in comb^n. uccāvacā (pl.) high and low, see ucca. Kvu-a.38.

der. fr. ava after the analogy of ucca → ut

“non-word”, i.e. the wrong word or expression Ja.i.410.

a + vacana

(-˚) neuter adjective

1. (adj.) living in or with, moving in DN.i.206 (santika˚ one who stays near, a companion); fig. dealing or familiar with, at home in AN.ii.189 (atakka˚); AN.iv.314 (parisā˚); …

Avacaraka & ocaraka

adjective noun

1. only in cpd. kāmâvacarika as adj. to kāmâvacara, belonging to the sphere of sense experiences, Sdhp.254.
2. Late form of ocaraka, spy, only in C. on Thag.315 ff …

being familiar with, dealing with, occupation Ja.ii.95.

fr. avacarati 1

adjective stingy, niggardly Snp.774 (= Mnd.36 which explains as follows: avaṃ gacchanti ti pi avadāniyā; maccharino pi vuccanti avadāniyā; buddhānaṃ vacanaṃ n’âdiyantī ti avadāniyā. Snp-a.516 condens …

Avatthu (& ˚ka)

adjective groundless, unfounded (fig) Vin.ii.241; Ja.i.440 (˚kaṃ vacanaṃ). For lit meaning see vatthu.

a + vatthu

Avatthu (& ˚ka)

adjective groundless, unfounded (fig) Vin.ii.241; Ja.i.440 (˚kaṃ vacanaṃ). For lit meaning see vatthu.

a + vatthu

adverb part. of affirmation = surely, all-round absolutely (ekaṃsa-vacane nipāto DN-a.i.111) only, at any rate DN.i.91; DN.ii.284; Snp.828 (na h’ aññadatth’ atthi pasaṃsa-lābhā, expl^d. …

…only used of vācā speech: harsh, rough, insolent MN.i.286; AN.v.265, AN.v.283 AN.v.293 (gloss kaṇṭakā); Ja.iii.260; Dhs.1343,…

adjective to strengthen, cp. upabrūhana, paribbūḷha much, many, large, abundant; plenty; in compound also very, greatly (˚-) instr. sg. bahunā Dhp.166; nom. pl bahavo Vin.iii.90; Dhp.307, & *bahū …

fear, fright, dread AN.ii.15 (jāti-maraṇa˚); DN.iii.148, DN.iii.182; Dhp.39, Dhp.123, Dhp.212 sq., Dhp.283; Mnd.371, Mnd.409; Pp.56; Vism.512; Kp-a.108; Snp-a.155; Dhp-a.iii.23. There are some len …

Bhummi¹

feminine that which belongs to the ground, i.e. a plane (of existence), soil, stage (as t.t. in philosophy) Dhs-a.277 (˚y-āpatti), Dhs-a.339 (id.), Dhs-a.985 (dukkha˚), Dhs-a. …

• -sakuṇa a bird of prey, a vulture [Abhp. 645, 1049]; as one of the lucky omens enumerated (under the so-called mangala-kathā) at Kp-a.118 (with variant reading SS. cāta˚ & vā …

…Dhtp.317: vacane; Dhtm.467; vācāya

Bhāsati²

to shine, shine forth, fill with splendour Snp.719 (2^nd sg. fut. bhāsihi =…

1. being, becoming, condition, nature; very rarely by itself (only in later & C. literature, as e.g. Ja.i.295 thīnaṃ bhāvo, perhaps best to be translated as “women’s character,” taking bhāva = attabhā …

adjective (-˚) speaking, reciting Snp.850 (manta˚; a reciter of the Mantras, one who knows the M. and speaks accordingly, i.e. speaking wisely, explained by Snp-a.549 as “mantāya pariggahetvā vāca …

1. (lit.) ground, soil, earth Vin.ii.175; Snp.418 (yāna carriage road); Pv.i.10#14≈; Snp-a.353 (heṭṭhā-bhūmiyaṃ under the earth); Dhp-a.i.414 (id., opp. upari-bhūmiyaṃ)
2. place, quarter, district …

grown, become; born, produced; nature as the result of becoming. The (exegetical) definition by Bdhgh of the word bhūta is interesting. He (at MN-a.i.31) distinguishes the foll. 7 …

Brahma & Brahmā

I. Brahman

neuter [cp. Vedic bráhman nt. prayer; nom. sg bráhma]

1. the supreme good; as a buddhistic term used in a sense different from the brahmanic (save in controvers …

Brahma & Brahmā

I. Brahman

neuter [cp. Vedic bráhman nt. prayer; nom. sg bráhma]

1. the supreme good; as a buddhistic term used in a sense different from the brahmanic (save in controvers …

Brāhmaṇa¹

a member of the Brahman caste; a Br teacher. In the Buddhist terminology also used for a man leading a pure, sinless & ascetic life, often even syn. with arahant
■ On brāhmaṇas …

…Explained by Dhtp.366 as “vacane,” by Dhtm.593 as “vācāyaṃ, viyattiyaṃ”

Buddha¹

adjective

1. understood SN.i.35 = SN.i.60 (su-dub-buddha very difficult to understand)
2. having attained enlightenment, wise AN.iv.449; Pv-a.16 (buddh’ ādayo), Pv-a.60 (= ari …

…Vin.iv.2 where combined with vācā, girā, vacībheda, and meaning “mode of speech,” and at Snp.961, where it has the same meaning & is…

1. impulse, excitement; intention, resolution, will desire for, wish for, delight in (c. loc.). Explained at Vism.466 as “kattu-kāmatāy” adhivacanaṃ; by Dhtp.587 & Dhtm.821 as; chand = icchāyaṃ …

metre, metrics, prosody, esp. applied to the Vedas Vin.ii.139 (chandaso buddhavacanaṃ āropeti to recite in metrical form, or acc. to Bdhgh. in the dialect of the Vedas cp. Vin. Texts iii.150) SN.i.3 …

(cikkhanā, etc.) to tell, to announce: see *ā*˚ & paṭisaṃ˚.

Freq. of khyā, Dhtp.19: cikkh = vacane

…Esp. in contrast to kāya & vācā, in triad kāyena vācāya cittena (in deed & speech & will otherwise as k. v. manasā, see under…

to give, etc.

I. Forms

The foll. bases form the Pāli verb-system: dā, dāy, dadā & di.

1. Bases dā & (reduced); da
   1. dā˚: fut. dassati Ja.i.113, Ja.i.279 Ja.i …

Dhamma¹

masculine & rarely neuter constitution etc.

A. Definitions by Commentators

Bdhgh gives a fourfold meaning of the word dhamma (at DN-a.i.99; Dhp-a.i.22), viz. 1 guṇe ( …

Dhava¹

the shrub Grislea Tomentosa AN.i.202, AN.i.204; Ja.iv.209; Ja.vi.528.

Sk. dhava = madhuratvaca, Halāyudha

Dhava²

a husband Thag-a.121 (dh. vuccati sāmiko tad abhāvā v …

to hold, viz.

1. to carry, bear, wear, possess; to put on, to bring give DN.i.166≈(chavadussāni etc.); Vin.i.16 = DN.i.110 (telapajjotaṃ); DN.ii.19 (chattaṃ to hold a sunshade over a person); Pv-a.4 …

…B3. Coupled with vācā & citta in formula (taṃ) vācaṃ appahāya cittaṃ appahāya diṭṭhiṃ appaṭinissajjitvā……

unruliness indocility, bad conduct, fractiousness SN.ii.204 sq (˚karaṇā dhammā); MN.i.95 (id. specified); AN.ii.147 AN.iii.178; Ne.40, Ne.127.

contamination of Sk. *daurvacasya evil speech & *daurv …

unruliness, contumacy, stubbornness, obstinacy AN.i.83, AN.iii.310, AN.iii.448 AN.v.146 sq.; DN.iii.212, DN.iii.274; Pp.20; Dhs.1326 (cp. Dhs trsl. p. 344); Vb.359, Vb.369, Vb.371.

second abstr. of dovacassa

Err:509

Du˚¹

(& before vowels dur˚) indeclinable

1. syllable of exclamation (= duḥ “bad, woe” (beginning the word du (j)-jīvitaṃ) Dhp-a.ii.6, Dhp-a.ii.10 = Pv-a.280, cp. Ja.iii.47; Bdhgh’s …

adjective noun

1. (adj. unpleasant, painful, causing misery (opp. sukha pleasant Vin.i.34; Dhp.117. Lit. of vedanā (sensation) MN.i.59 (˚ṃ vedanaṃ vediyamāna, see also below iii.1 …

number two.

A. Meanings

I. Two as unit

1. with objective foundation:
   1. denoting a combination (pair, couple) or a repetition (twice). In this conn. frequent both objective …

adverb on one side, apart, aside Vin.i.47, Vin.i.94 = Vin.ii.272; DN.i.106; Snp.p.13 (expl^d. at Snp-a.140 as follows: bhāvana-puṃsaka-niddeso, ek’okāsaṃ ekapassan ti vuttaṃ hoti, bhummat …

Ekaṃsa¹

adjective belonging to one shoulder, on or with one shoulder; only in phṛase ekaṃsaṃ uttarāsangaṃ karoti to arrange the upper robe over one shoulder (the left) Vin.i.46; Vin.ii.188 …

Gaṇhati & Gaṇhāti

The forms of the verb are from three bases, viz.

1. gaṇha- (Sk. gṛhṇā-);
   ■ Pres.: ind. gaṇhāti (gaṇhāsi Pv-a.87)
   pot gaṇheyya,
   imper gaṇha (Ja.i.159; Pv-a.49 …

Gaṇhati & Gaṇhāti

The forms of the verb are from three bases, viz.

1. gaṇha- (Sk. gṛhṇā-);
   ■ Pres.: ind. gaṇhāti (gaṇhāsi Pv-a.87)
   pot gaṇheyya,
   imper gaṇha (Ja.i.159; Pv-a.49 …

Gedha¹

greed. Its connection with craving and worldly attachment is often referred to. Kāmesu g˚ SN.i.73; Snp.152; AN.iii.312 sq. (gedho pañcann’ etaṃ kāmaguṇānaṃ adhivacanaṃ). gedhataṇhā …

…Thig.402; Vv.50#18 (= vācā Vv-a) Dhs.637, Dhs.720; Dhs-a.93; DN-a.i.61 (aṭṭhangupetaṃ giraṃ) Ja.ii.134.

Vedic gir & gēr, song;…

kind of armour Ja.vi.449 (g. vuccate kavacaṃ C.); see Kern,

Toevoegselen

p. 132.

of adj. guṇin, having guṇas or guḷas, i.e. strings or knots

[cp. Sk. gaurava, fr. garu] reverence, respect, esteem; with loc. respect for reverence towards; in the set of six venerable objects Buddhe [Satthari], Dhamme, Sanghe, sikkhāya, appamāde paṭisanthāre …

verse, stanza, line of poetry, usually referring to an Anuṭṭhubbaṃ or a Tuṭṭhubbaṃ, & called a catuppādā gāthā, a stanza (śloka) of four half-lines AN.ii.178; Ja.iv.395 Def. as akkhara-padaniya-mit …

adjective

1. [cp. gādha²] strong, tight, close; thick. In phrase pacchābāhaṃ g˚ bandbanaṃ bandhati to pinion the arms tightly DN.i.245; AN.ii.241; Ja.i.264; Pv-a.4. Of an illness (gāḷhena …

1. (pp.) sung, recited, solemnly proclaimed, enunciated: mantapadaṃ gītaṃ pavuttaṃ DN.i.104 (cp. gira).
2. (nt.) singing, a song; grouped under vācasikā khiḍḍā, musical pastimes at Cnd.219; Snp-a.86. …

Hiri & hirī

feminine sense of shame, bashfulness, shyness SN.i.33; DN.iii.212; AN.i.51, AN.i.95; AN.iii.4 sq., AN.iii.331, AN.iii.352, AN.iv.11, AN.iv.29; Snp.77, Snp.253, Snp.719; Pp.71; Pv.iv.7#3; …

Hiri & hirī

feminine sense of shame, bashfulness, shyness SN.i.33; DN.iii.212; AN.i.51, AN.i.95; AN.iii.4 sq., AN.iii.331, AN.iii.352, AN.iv.11, AN.iv.29; Snp.77, Snp.253, Snp.719; Pp.71; Pv.iv.7#3; …

wish, longing, desire DN.ii.243; DN.iii.75; SN.i.40 (˚dhūpāyito loko), SN.i.44 (naraṃ parikassati) AN.ii.143; AN.iv.293 sq.; AN.iv.325 sq.; v.40, v.42 sq.; Snp.773 Snp.872; Dhp.74, Dhp.264 (˚lobha-sa …

indeclinable part. of comparison: like, as Dhp.1, Dhp.2, Dhp.7, Dhp.8, Dhp.287, Dhp.334; Ja.i.295; Snp-a.12 (opamma-vacanaṃ). Elided to ’va, diaeretic-metathetic form viya (q.v.). …

(& jappati Dhtp.189, also ja pp.190 = vacane; sound-root jap) to mumble, whisper, utter, recite Ja.iv.204; Pv.ii.6#1 (= vippalapati Pv-a.94); Pv-a.97 ppr. jappaṃ SN.i.166 (palāpaṃ); Ja.iv.75. See …

(indeel.) surely, undoubtedly (ekaṃsavacanaṃ Snp-a.348) usually in negative (& interrog. sentences as na jātu, not at all, never (cp. also sādhu) mā jātu Vin.ii.203; Snp.152, Snp.348 (no ce hi jātu); …

adjective always in combination with āhāra, food “made into a ball,” i.e. eatable, material food, as one of the 4 kinds of food (see stock phrase k˚ āhāro oḷāriko vā sukhumo vā… at …

…hard, harsh, esp. of speech (vācā para-kaṭukā Dhs.1343), MN.i.286 = Dhs.1343; AN.v.265 = AN.v.283, AN.v.293; Dhs-a.396
■ akakkasa: smooth…

1. rough, hard, harsh (lit. & fig.) Dhs.648 (opp.; muduka Dhs.962 (rūpaṃ paṭhavīdhātu: kakkhalaṃ kharagataṃ kakkhaḷattaṃ kakkhaḷabhāvo); Vism.349 (= thaddha), Vism.591, Vism.592 (˚ …

Kalla¹ & Kalya

adjective

1. well, healthy, sound Vin.i.291.
2. clever, able, dexterous Mil.48 Mil.87.
3. ready, prepared Ja.ii.12, cp
   ■ citta.
4. fit proper, right SN.ii.13 (pañha)

…

…k˚-vākkaraṇo poriyā vācāya samannāgato DN.i.114; AN.ii.97; AN.iii.114, AN.iii.195, AN.iii.263 AN.iv.279; Vin.ii.139; DN-a.i.282; *…

…word and thought (kāyena vācāya, manasā). Kamma κα ̓τ ἐςοξήν means action by hand (body) in formula vacasā manasā kammanā ca…

1. (adj.) (-˚) producing, causing, forming, making, doing, e.g. anta˚ putting an end to; pabhaṃ causing splendour; pāpa˚ doing evil; divā˚ & divasa the day-maker, i.e. the sun; kaṇhabhāva˚ causing a …

1. adj. (f. ī) (-˚) doing, making, causing, producing; as cakkhu˚ ñāṇa˚ (leading to clear knowledge) SN.iv.331; SN.v.97; Iti.83; and acakkhu etc. SN.v.97; nāthā ˚ā dhammā AN.v.23 (cp. AN.v.89) and th …

…only in compounds (e.g. ˚vācā merciful speech; neg. akaruṇa merciless Mhbv.85, & ati˚ very merciful Ja.iv.142) and as adv….

Karīsa¹

neuter a square measure of land, being that space on which a karīsa of seed can be sown (Tamil karīsa) see Rhys Davids, Ancient Coins and Measures of Ceylon, p. 18; Ja.i.94, Ja.i …

mail, a coat of mail, armour DN.ii.107 = Ud.64 (applied to existence); Thag.614 (of sīla); Ja.iv.92, Ja.iv.296; Mil.199, Mil.257; Vism.73.

• -jālikā a mail-coat Mil.199.

cp. Sk. kavaca

(adj-adv.) expression of the concept of unity and totality: only, alone; whole, complete; adv altogether or only

1. ˚ṃ (adv.)
   1. only = just: k tvaṃ amhākaṃ vacanaṃ karohi “do all we tell you Pv\ …

adjective (a) patient, forgiving. (b) enduring, bearing, hardened to (frost & heat, e.g.), fit for.

1. kh. belongs to the lovable attributes of a bhikkhu (kh. rūpānaṃ, saddānaṃ, etc.; indulgent as re …

I. Crude meaning

bulk, massiveness (gross) substance.

1. Esp. used
   1. of an elephant: the bulk of the body, i.e. its back SN.i.95 vāraṇassa Ja.iii.392; hatthi-khandha-vara-gata on th …

…SN.i.189 = Snp.454 (of vācā nibbānapattiyā); MN.i.227 (vivaṭaṃ amatadvāraṃ khemaṃ nibbānapattiyā “opened is the door to the…

adjective

1. quick, lit. in the way of throwing (cp. “like a shot”) Snp.350 (of vacana = lahu Snp-a).
2. a sort of fishing net or eel-basket (cp. khipa & Sk. kṣepaṇī) SN.i.74

■ nt. adv. *[khippaṃ] …

play, amusement, pleasure usually combined with rati, enjoyment. Var. degrees of pleasures (bāla˚, etc.) mentioned at AN.v.203; var kinds of amusement enumerated at Cnd.219; as expounded at DN.i.6 und …

…of (evil speech (vyapp˚ = vācāya patho; expl. Snp-a.204 as na pharusavāco) Snp.158; -sota with the stream gone, i.e….

…(in kiloma maṃsakhaṇḍa as simile for kiloma-vācā).

= next?

anger. Nearest synonyms are āghāta (Dhs.1060 = Cnd.576 both expositions also of dosa), upanāha (always in chain rāga, dosa, moha, kodha, upanāha) and *[dhūma]( …

mail armour Ja.iv.296 (= kavaca).

…and righteous, i.e. kāyena, vācāya manasā Iti.78; cp. Dhp.53; sabba-pāpassa akaraṇaṃ kusalassa upasampadā sacittapariyodapanaṃ etaṃ…

wall built of wattle and daub, in -nagaraka “a little wattle and daub town” DN.ii.146, DN.ii.169 (cp. Rh.D. on this in Buddh Suttas p. 99). Three such kinds of simply-built walls are mentioned a …

to desire.

1. Objective: pleasantness, pleasure-giving, an object of sensual enjoyment.
2. Subjective: (a) enjoyment, pleasure on occasion of sense, (b) sense-desire.

Buddhist commentators exp …

,

1. 1. a deed, action, performance, esp. an act imposed or inflicted upon somebody by a higher authority (by the king as representative of justice or by kamma MN.iii.181; see *kamma …

…yañ ca karoti kāyena vācāya uda cetasā taṃ hi tassa sakaṃ hoti tañ ca ādāya gacchati SN.i.93 yo dhammacārī *kāyena vācāya…

adjective

1. belonging to the body, i.e. felt by the body (experienced by the senses), or resulting from the body, i.e. done by the body (= acted as opposed to spoken or thought). sukhaṃ physical hap …

to talk prattle, mutter Snp.776; Iti.122; Pv.i.8#1; Pv.ii.6#3
■ Cp ullapati, palapati, samullapati
caus lapeti (and lāpeti, metri causâ) to talk to, to accost, beg SN.i.31 (h …

…Mil.42; Snp-a.164 (˚vācāka reciting), Snp-a.577. 2. chips, shavings Vin.ii.110 (variant reading likha).

fr. likh, cp. Sk. lekha &…

world, primarily “visible world,” then in general as “space or sphere of creation, with var. degrees of substantiality. Often (unspecified in the comprehensive sense of “universe.” Sometimes the term …

greedy, covetous AN.iii.433 (with pharusa-vāca & samphappalāpin); Iti.84; Mil.92 (duṭṭha, mūḷha, l.); Ja.i.124.

pp. of lubbhati

…paññā, vitakka, sammāvācā s-kammanta, s-ājīva, viriya, sati, samādhi micchā-diṭṭhi, micchā-vācā, m-kammanta,…

adjective [onomat. cp. babbhara. With Sk. marmara rustling to Lat. fremo to roar = Gr. βρέμω to thud, βροντή thunder, Ger. brummen. Cp. also Sk murmura = P. mummura & muramurā, Lat. murmur stammering, …

…kāyena vācāya uda cetasā SN.i.93, SN.i.102; AN.i.63. rakkhitena k. vācāya cittena SN.ii.231; SN.iv.112
■ It is…

…kāyena vācāya uda cetasā SN.i.93, SN.i.102; AN.i.63. rakkhitena k. vācāya cittena SN.ii.231; SN.iv.112
■ It is…

sage, seer, wise man, usually appositionally nom. mantā “as a sage,” “like a thinker,” a form which looks like a fem. and is mostly explained as such by the Commentaries Mantā has also erroneous …

…DN.iii.290 sq., Dhp.11); -vācā speech (ibid.); -kammanta conduct (ibid.); -ājīva living (DN.iii.176 sq., DN.iii.254, DN.iii.290;…

Mokkha¹

1. (lit.) release, freedom from, in bandhanā m DN.i.73 = MN.i.276.
2. (fig.) release, deliverance, salvation Vb.426 (jarā-maraṇa˚ from old age & death) Dhp-a.i.4 (˚magga + sagg …

kind of kidney-bean, Phaseolus mungo, freq. combined with māsa² (q.v.). On its size (larger than sāsapa smaller than kalāya) see AN.v.170 & cp. kalāya
■ DN.ii.293; MN.i.57 (+ māsa); S …

…gives a muni as kāya-muni, vācā & ceto˚ (under the 3 moneyyāni).

cp. Vedic muni, originally one who has made the vow of silence. Cp. Chh. Up….

I. Forms

The 2 bases muñc˚ & mucc˚; are differentiated in such a way, that muñc˚; is the active base, and mucc˚; the passive. There are however cases where the active forms (muñ …

adjective only in voc. as respectful term of address, something like “Sir,” pl “Sirs.” In sg. mārisa MN.i.327; AN.iii.332; Snp.814, Snp.1036 Snp.1038, Snp.1045 etc.; Mnd.140 = Cnd. …

stronghold, citadel, fortress a (fortified) town, city. As seat of the government as important centre of trade contrasted with gāma nigama (village & market-place or township) Vin.iii.47 (˚bandhana), …

…Pp.29, Pp.57; Dhs.1343 (vācā) = niddosa Dhs-a.397. 2. (somewhat doubtful “clean,” with ref. to big cats (mahā-biḷārā…

…Pp.29, Pp.57; Dhs.1343 (vācā) = niddosa Dhs-a.397. 2. (somewhat doubtful “clean,” with ref. to big cats (mahā-biḷārā…

I. Etymology

Although nir + vā “to blow”. (cp. BSk. nirvāṇa) is already in use in the Vedic period (see nibbāpeti), we do not find its distinctive ap …

to go out or forth from, to rise, sound forth, come out Iti.75 (devasadda) Vv.38#2; Ja.i.53, Ja.i.176; Dhp-a.i.389; Vv-a.12, Vv-a.37 (saddā). Caus. nicchāreti to make come o …

to point out (“down”), explain, show, define Vv-a.12, Vv-a.13 (˚etabbavacana the word to be compared or defined, correl. to nidassana-vacana)
pp nidassita (q.v.).

Sk. nida …

adjective forming or having a receptacle, worth treasuring or saving DN.i.4 (= hadaye nidhātabba-yuttavāca DN-a.i.76). Nidhapeti, Nidhaya & Nidhiyati;

quotation, explanation, illustration Vism.427 (˚vacana quotation); Pv-a.255 (perhaps we should read niyamana); conclusion, e.g. Paṭṭh.A 366; Vb-a.523.

Sk. nigamana

1. “shouting out,” sound; fame, renown; speech, utterance, proclamation word of reproach, blame SN.i.190; AN.iv.88 (appa˚ noiseless lit. of little or no noise); Snp.719, Snp.818 (= nindāvacana Snp-a. …

Nipacca-vādin

adjective speaking hurtfully Snp.217 (= dāyakaṃ nipātetvā appiyavacanāni vattā Snp-a.272).

nipacca, ger. of nipāteti + vādin

one of the Vedāngas (see chaḷanga), explⁿ of words, grammatical analysis etymological interpretation; pronunciation, dialect way of speaking, expression Vin.ii.139 (pabbajitā… sakāya nirutt …

Ocaraka

in special meaning of one who makes himself at home or familiar with, an investigator, informant scout, spy (ocarakā ti carapurisā C. on Ud.66)
■ Thus also in BSk. as avacaraka one who furn …

Avacaraka & ocaraka

adjective noun

1. only in cpd. kāmâvacarika as adj. to kāmâvacara, belonging to the sphere of sense experiences, Sdhp.254.
2. Late form of ocaraka, spy, only in C. on Thag.315 ff …

Okāsa

1. lit. “visibility”, (visible) space as geometrical term, open space, atmosphere, air as space DN.i.34 (ananto okāso); Vism.184 (with disā pariccheda), Vism.243 (id.); Pv-a.14 (okāsaṃ pharitvā …

adjective arisen or reborn without visible cause (i.e. without parents), spontaneous rebirth (Kvu trsl. 283²), apparitional rebirth (Cpd. 165⁴, q.v.) DN.i.27 DN.i.55, DN.i.15 …

the lower or lowest, the one on this side, this (opp. yonder) only in comb^n. orima-tīra the shore on this side, the near shore (opp. pāra˚ and pārima˚ the far side) DN.i.244; SN.iv.175 ( …

1. descent to, i.e. approach to, access, fig. chance, opportunity otāraṃ labhati. Only in the Māra myth. He, the tempter, ʻgets his chance’ to tempt the Buddha or the disciples, MN.i.334; SN.i.122; …

adjective separate, individual; usually acc. -ṃ adv. separately, individually, singly, by himself in his own heart DN.i.24 (yeva nibbuti viditā); DA on DN.ii.77 = attano attano abbhantare; MN.i.251 …

covered terrace before a house Vin.ii.153 (“paghanaṃ nāma yaṃ nikkhamantā ca pavisantā ca pādehi hananti. tassa vihāra-dvāre ubhato kuṭṭaṃ niharitvā katapadesass’ etaṃ adhivacanaṃ” Bdhgh, quoted *Vin …

1. to let loose, give out, emit Snp.973 (vācaṃ; = sampamuñcati Mnd.504) Ja.i.216 (aggiṃ).
2. to shake off, give up, shed Dhp.377 (pupphāni). Perhaps also in phrase saddhaṃ p. to renounce one’s faith, …

(papatā) feminine a broken-off piece, splinter, fragment; also proclivity precipice, pit (?) SN.ii.227 (papatā ti kho lābha-sakkāra-silokass’ etaṃ adhivacanaṃ; cp. SN.iii.109: sobbho papāto kodh’ û …

1. falling down, a fall Vin.ii.284 (chinna-papātaṃ papatanti); SN.v.47.
2. a cliff, precipice, steep rock MN.i.11; SN.iii.109 (sobbho p. kodh’ upāyāsass’ etaṃ adhivacanaṃ; cp. papaṭā) AN.iii.389 (sob …

adverb adjective

1. (adv. & prep.) beyond, on the further side of (with abl. or loc.), over Pv-a.168 (para Gangāya, variant reading ˚āyaṃ). See in same meaning & application paraṃ, paro and parā & c …

Paricita¹

gathered, accumulated, collected, increased, augmented MN.iii.97; SN.i.116; SN.ii.264; SN.iv.200; AN.ii.67 sq., AN.ii.185; AN.iii.45, AN.iii.152, AN.iv.282, AN.iv.300; AN.v.23; T …

adjective destructive, ruinous Pv-a.15 (˚vacano speaking destructively, scandalmonger).

fr. paridhaṃsati

surrounding people, group collection, company, assembly, association, multitude Var. typical sets of assemblies are found in the Canon viz, eight assemblies (khattiya˚, brāhmaṇa˚, gahapati˚ samaṇa˚, …

…purpose; f. -vatī (vācā) discriminating speech DN.i.4 = MN.iii.49 = Pp.58; explained as “paricchedaṃ dassetvā yatha ’ssa…

…mastering (said of vācā) SN.ii.280 = AN.ii.51. 3. (˚ā dhammā) the Included, viz. all that is contained in the…

1. learned by heart, known Mnd.234 = Cnd.386 (Buddhavacana).
2. learned, accomplished DN-a.i.21
   ■ See also pariyatta².

pp. of pariyāpuṇāti

mastery over, accomplishment in (gen.) Vism.442 (Buddhavacanassa).

abstr. formⁿ fr. pariyāpuṇāti

adjective noun high & low, far & near; pl. in sense of “all kinds” (cp. uccâvaca). The word is found only in the Sutta Nipāta, viz. Snp.353 (variant reading BB varāvaraṃ, varovaraṃ; explained as “loku …

1. hanging on, inclination, attachment to Kp-a.18; Pv-a.130.
2. occasion, event; loc. pasaṅge at the occasion of (-˚), instead of Kp-a.213 (karaṇavacana˚, where Pv-a.30 in id. p. reads karaṇ’ a …

…at SN.iv.217 (with ref. to vācā, vitakka-vicārā, pīti assāsa-passāsā, saññā-vedanā, rāga-dosa-moha, through the 4 jhānas etc.)….

1. path, road, way DN.i.63; Snp.176 (loc. pathe), Snp.385, Snp.540, Snp.868; Cnd.485 B (+ pantha, in explⁿ of magga); Ja.i.308 (loc. pathe); Ja.ii.39; Ja.vi.525 (abl. pathā); Thag.64; Pp.2 …

to be called, said, or pronounced Snp.436, Snp.513, Snp.611 & passim; Dhp.257; Pv.iv.3#47 Pv-a.102. The form pavuccate also occurs, e.g. at Snp.519 sq
pp pavutta¹ (q.v.).

Pass. of pavacati

(wrongly) applied, at random, careless “misdirected” AN.i.199; Snp.711 (˚ṃ vācaṃ = obhāsaparikathā-nimitta-viññatti-payuttaṃ ghāsesana-vācaṃ Snp-a.497), Snp.930 (= cīvarādīhi sampayutta tadatthaṃ …

to put forth, put down to, apply, direct, intend; aspire to, long for, pray for SN.v.156 (atthāya cittaṃ paṇidahiṃ). ger. paṇidhāya SN.i.42 = Snp.660 (vācaṃ manañ ca pāpakaṃ); S …

indeclinable directional prefix in well-defined meaning of “back (to), against towards, in opposition to, opposite.” As preposition (with acc. and usually postponed) towards, near by, at usually …

opposition, negation, contrary Snp-a.228 (for “na”), Snp-a.502; Pv-a.189 (˚vacana the opp expression). ˚to (abl.) in opposition or contrast to Pv-a.24.

fr. paṭi + kṣip

one who speaks to or who is spoken to, i.e.

1. an interlocutor Ja.iv.18 (= paṭivacana-dayaka C.)
2. an amiable person (cp. Lat affabilis = affable) MN.i.386.

fr. paṭi + mant

to discuss in argument, to reply to, answer, refute; as pati˚; at Vin.ii.1; DN.i.93 (vacane), DN.i.94; Dhp.i.263; Ja.vi.82, Ja.vi.294.

paṭi + manteti

to effulge, shine forth, stream out, emit, fig. splurt out, bring against, object MN.i.95 sq. AN.iv.193 (codakaṃ); Ja.i.123, Ja.i.163; Mnd.196 (vādaṃ start a word-fight); Mil.372; Dhp-a.iv.4 (vacana …

answer, reply, rejoinder Ja.iv.18; Mil.120; Pv-a.83 (opp. vacana); Thag-a.285.

paṭi + vacana

…Mvu.i.3; and -vācā kind language DN.iii.152; Vv.84#36 (= piyavacana Vv-a.345)
■ It is doubtful whether vāca-peyya at…

…we find both pharusa- vācā and pharusā- vācā DN.i.4, DN.i.138; DN.iii.69 sq., DN.iii.173, DN.iii.232; MN.i.42 (on this and the same…

…speech, slander, pisuṇavācā and pisuṇāvācā DN.i.4 DN.i.138; DN.iii.70 sq., DN.iii.171, DN.iii.232,…

…or mārisa Snp-a.536.

• -vācā pleasant speech SN.i.189; Snp.452.
• -vādin speaking pleasantly, affable…

…usually in phrase; porī vācā polite speech DN.i.4, DN.i.114; SN.i.189; SN.ii.280 = AN.ii.51; AN.iii.114; Pp.57; Dhs.1344; DN-a.i.75,…

indeclinable again. There are several forms of this adv., but puna has to be considered as the orig. Pali form. The form puno is doubtful; if authentic, a Sanskritisation; only fou …

adjective

1. (= pṛthak) separated, individual adv. separated, individual, adv. separately, each (see [given as puthag eva Kacc. 29](/define/given as puthag eva Kacc. 29)) SN.i.75 (puthu attā individu …

boldness, impudence, forwardness Snp.930; Mnd.228 sq. (3 kinds, viz. kāyika vācasika, cetasika), Mnd.390 sq.; Ja.ii.32; Ja.v.449 (pagabbhiya); Snp-a.165; Kp-a.242; Dhp-a.iii.354 (pa˚) Vv-a.121.

f …

(& der.) “petting (or spoiling) the children” (Mil trsl. ii.287) but perhaps more likely “fondness of being petted” or “nurture (as Vism trsl. 32) (being carried about like on the lap or the back …

word, esp. the word of the Buddha DN.i.88; SN.ii.259; Thag.587; Thag.2, Thag.457.

pa + vacana, with lengthening of first a (see Geiger,

Pali Grammar

§ 33#1)

1. to protect, shelter, save, preserve Snp.220; Ja.iv.255 (maṃ rakkheyyātha); Ja.vi.589 (= pāleti); Pv.ii.9#43 (dhanaṃ); Mil.166 (rukkhaṃ), Mil.280 (attānaṃ rakkheyya save himself); Pv-a.7
   grd * …

…kāyena, rakkhitāya vācāya etc.) AN.i.7 (cittaṃ r.); Snp.288 (dhamma˚), Snp.315 (gottā˚) Vv-a.72 (mātu˚, pitu˚ etc.); Pv-a.61,…

to chatter, whisper Dhtp.187 (“vacane”); Dhtm.266 (“akkose”). See also lapati.

rap

Rasa¹

that which is connected with the sense of taste. The defⁿ given at Vism.447 is as follows “jivhā-paṭihanana-lakkhaṇo raso, jivhā-viññāṇassa visaya-bhāvo raso, tass’ ev …

love, attachment, pleasure, liking for (loc.), fondness of SN.i.133 (˚ṃ paccanubhavati), SN.i.207; SN.iii.256; Snp.41 (= anukkhaṇṭhit adhivacanaṃ Cnd.537), Snp.59 (id.), Snp.270, Snp.642, Snp.956 (= n …

form, figure, appearance, principle of form, etc.

1. Definitions. According to P. expositors rūpa takes its designation fr. ruppati, e.g. “ruppanato rūpaṃ” Vism.588; “ruppan’ a …

…SN.iv.349; Ja.iv.320.

• -vācā id. AN.ii.228; AN.iii.244; Ja.i.201
• -vādin truthful, speaking the…

heaven, the next world, popularly conceived as a place of happiness and long life (cp. the pop. etym. of “suṭṭhu-aggattā sagga” Pv-a.9 “rūpādīhi visayehi suṭṭhu aggo ti saggo” Vism.427) usually the …

Saha¹

indeclinable prep. & prefix, meaning: in conjunction with, together, accompanied by; immediately after (with instr.) Vin.i.38; Snp.49, Snp.928 Thig.414 = Thig.425; sahā Snp.231.

• • …

…in the plural, sahassaṃ vācā Dhp.100; satasahassaṃ vassāni Ja.i.29; also in the plural after other numerals cattāri satasahassāni…

adjective own DN.i.106, DN.i.119, DN.i.231; DN.ii.173 (sakaṃ te “all be your own,” as greeting to the king); MN.i.79; Vin.i.3, Vin.i.249 (ācariyaka); SN.v.261 (id.); Snp.861; Iti.76 Mnd.252; Pv.i.5#1 …

adjective faulty, wrong (lit. bitter) Mil.119 (vacana).

sa³ + k.

Sākhalya & Sakhalla

neuter friendship MN.i.446 (= tameness); AN.i.94; DN.iii.213; Dhs.1343; DN-a.i.287; Dhs-a.396; Ja.iv.57, Ja.iv.58 (= maṭṭhavacana “smooth words”).

abstr. from sakhila

adjective kindly in speech, congenial DN.i.116; Vin.ii.11; Ja.i.202, Ja.i.376; Mil.207; Pv.iv.1#33 (= mudu Pv-a.230). Cp. sākhalya.

• -vācatā use of friendly speech Dhs.1343.

fr. sakhi

…Vin.i.50; Vin.ii.5. -vācā right speech Vin.i.10; DN-a.i.314; definition DN.ii.312; Dhs.299; (adj.) speaking properly…

the dative relation Ja.v.214 (upayogatthe), Ja.v.237 (karaṇatthe); Snp-a.499 (˚vacana).

saṃ + padāna

1. to procure, obtain Vin.i.217; Vin.ii.214; ekavacanaṃ s. to be able to utter a single word Ja.ii.164; kathaṃ s. to be able to talk Ja.ii.165 dohaḷe s. to satisfy the longing Mhvs.22, Mhvs.51.
2. to …

1. concentration; a concentrated, self-collected, intent state of mind and meditation which, concomitant with right living, is a necessary condition to the attainment of higher wisdom and emancipatio …

adjective near, close (to) Snp-a.43 (bhumma-vacana), Snp-a.174, Snp-a.437; Kp-a.111; Pv-a.47 (dvāra˚ magga) (nt.) proximity DN.i.118. Cases adverbially: acc. -aṃ near to Pv-a.107; loc. *-- …

vicinity, presence; santikaṃ into the presence of, towards Ja.i.91, Ja.i.185; santikā from the presence of, from Ja.i.43, Ja.i.83, Ja.i.189; santike in the presence of, before …

(the subject of a) conversation Vin.ii.5, Vin.ii.22, Vin.ii.276.

sa³ + vacanīya

…AN.i.155 sq. (kāyena, vācāya, manasā); DN.iii.147; Iti.15 (ññ); Snp.264, Snp.655; MN.ii.101 (sīla˚); Dhp.25 (saññama dama);…

saññāyo and saññā-e.g. MN.i.108)

1. sense, consciousness, perception, being the third khandha Vin.i.13; MN.i.300; SN.iii.3 sq.; Dhs.40 Dhs.58, Dhs.61, Dhs.113; Vb-a.42.
2. sense, perception, discer …

sentence Dhs-a.52.

saṃ + vacana

…AN.i.155 sq. (kāyena, vācāya, manasā); DN.iii.147; Iti.15 (ññ); Snp.264, Snp.655; MN.ii.101 (sīla˚); Dhp.25 (saññama dama);…

fight, battle DN.i.46; DN.ii.285; MN.i.86, MN.i.253; SN.i.98; SN.iv.308 sq.; AN.i.106; AN.ii.116; AN.iii.94; Vin.i.6; Iti.75; Snp.440 Cnd.199; Pp.68; Ja.i.358; Ja.ii.11; Mil.332; Vism.401 Cp. *vijita˚ …

to chant, proclaim (cp. sangara), to rehearse, to establish the text of the B. scriptures Vin.ii.285; DN-a.i.25 (Buddha-vacanaṃ)
pp saṅgīta.

saṃ + gāyati

…Dhp.244; Ja.ii.418; Dhs.993, Dhs.1243; Pv.iv.1#23 (kāyena vācāya ca) Dhs-a.319.

pp. of sankilissati

well-being, safety, bless ing AN.iii.38 = AN.iv.266 (“brings future happiness”) Ja.i.335; s. hotu hail! DN.i.96; sotthiṃ in safety, safely Dhp.219 (= anupaddavena Dhp-a.iii.293); Pv.iv.6#4 (= niru …

gentleness, suavity DN.iii.267; AN.ii.148; AN.iii.180; Ne.40; Ne.127; ˚-karaṇa making for gentleness MN.i.96; AN.ii.148 = AN.iii.180.

fr. suvaca, in analogy to dovacassa

Err:510

Su¹

indeclinable a part. of exclamation “shoo!”; usually repeated su su Ja.ii.250; Ja.vi.165 (of the hissing of a snake); Thag-a.110 (scaring somebody away), Thag-a.305 (sound of puffi …

adjective compliant, meek AN.iii.180. See also suvaca (under su˚). Der. sovacassa.

su + vaca

Sākhalya & Sakhalla

neuter friendship MN.i.446 (= tameness); AN.i.94; DN.iii.213; Dhs.1343; DN-a.i.287; Dhs-a.396; Ja.iv.57, Ja.iv.58 (= maṭṭhavacana “smooth words”).

abstr. from sakhila

or sāliyā the maina bird (= sālikā) Ja.iii.203; sāliyachāpa (a young bird of that kind), and sāliyacchāpa (i.e. sāliyā which is probably the right form) Ja.iii.202. madhu-sāliyā Ja.v.8 (= suvaṇṇa- …

1. owner, ruler, lord, master Vin.i.303, Vin.i.307; Snp.83; Mhvs.37, Mhvs.241; Ja.v.253 (˚paribhoga, q.v.); Pv.iv.6#6; Vism.63; DN-a.i.261; Pv-a.43, Pv-a.65. voc. sāmi “Sir” Ja.vi …

…lies; 5. pisuna-vācāya slander; 6. pharusa-vācāya harsh or impolite speech; 7. samphappalāpā frivolous and…

(& taco nt.)

1. bark. MN.i.198, MN.i.434, MN.i.488; AN.v.5
2. skin, hide (similar to camma, denoting the thick outer skin, as contrasted with chavi, thin skin, see chavi & cp. Ja.i …

affirmative particle (“ekaṃsena” DN-a.i.236; ekaṃsa-vacana Ja.v.66; ekaṃse nipāta Ja.v.307) truly, surely, there now! Vin.ii.126, Vin.ii.297; DN.i.85; MN.i.207, MN.i.463; MN.iii.179; Ja.v.65 (varian …

Takka¹

doubt; a doubtful view (often diṭṭhi, appl. like sammā˚, micchā-diṭṭhi), hair-splitting reasoning, sophistry (= itihītihaṃ Cnd.151). Opp. to takka (= micchā-sankappo Vb.86, Vb.35 …

adjective noun thinking, reasoning, esp. sceptically; a sceptic DN.i.16≈(takkī vīmaṃsī); MN.i.520; DN-a.i.106 (= takketvā vitakketvā diṭṭhi-gāhino etaṃ adhivacanaṃ), cp. pp. DN-a.i.114, DN-a.i.115 …

adjective

1. trembling, frightened Ja.i.336 = Ja.i.344 (vakā, expl. at Ja.i.342 by tasita); perhaps the derived meaning of:
2. moving, running (cp. to meaning 1 & 2 Gr.; τρέω to flee & to tremble), a …

adjective (being) in truth, truthful true, real DN.i.190 (+ bhūta taccha); MN.iii.70; Thag.347; Snp.1115 (= Cnd.275 taccha bhūta, etc.). (nt. tathaṃ = saccaṃ, in cattāri tathāni the 4 truths SN.v.430 …

(lit.) drought, thirst; (fig.) craving, hunger for, excitement the fever of unsatisfied longing (c. loc.: kabaḷinkāre āhāre “thirst” for solid food SN.ii.101 sq.; cīvare piṇḍapāte taṇhā = greed for Sn …

Thūla^a & Thulla^b

(the latter usual in compounds) adjective compact, massive; coarse gross; big, strong, clumsy; common, low, unrefined rough

1. DN.i.223; Snp.146 (aṇuka˚), Snp. …

Thūla^a & Thulla^b

(the latter usual in compounds) adjective compact, massive; coarse gross; big, strong, clumsy; common, low, unrefined rough

1. DN.i.223; Snp.146 (aṇuka˚), Snp. …

adjective

1. sharp, keen, eager: tibbagārava very devout AN.ii.21; Ne.112 (cp tīvraprasāda Avs.i.130); t- cchanda DN.iii.252, DN.iii.283.
2. dense, thick; confused, dark, dim: t- rāga Dhp.349 (= ba …

1. (adj.) one who is outside, or absent Vin.iii.185.
2. (adv.) in tirokkha-vāca one who speaks abusively or with disregard Ja.v.78.

= tiras + ka, cp. tiraskāra disdain abuse

to stand, etc.

I. Forms

pres ind. tiṭṭhati (Snp.333, Snp.434; Pv.i.5#1);
imper second tiṭṭha, 3rd tiṭṭhatu ppr. tiṭṭhaṃ, tiṭṭhanto, tiṭṭhamāna;
pot tiṭṭhe (Snp.918, Snp.968) & tiṭṭheyy …

Tāḷa¹

beating, striking, the thing beaten or struck i.e. a musical instrument which is beaten, an instr. of percussion, as a cymbal, gong, or tambourine (for tāḷa gong cp. thāla):

1. gong …

adjective high (opp. avaca low) DN.i.194; MN.ii.213; AN.v.82 (˚ṭhāniyaṃ nīce ṭhāne ṭhapeti puts on a low place which ought to be placed high); Pv.iv.7#4 (uccaṃ paggayha lifting high up = uccataraṃ kat …

Ud-

prefix in verbal & nominal comb^n. One half of all the words beginning with u˚ are comb^ns. with ud˚, which in comp^n. appears modified according to the rules of as …

1. pushing upwards Ja.i.163.
2. throwing up, sneering Vism.29 (vācāya).

fr. ud + kṣip

adjective noun destroying, breaking off, stopping, interrupting Ja.i.418 (vacan˚); Ja.iv.357; DN-a.i.69 (jīvit’ indriy˚); Vv-a.72 (id.).

fr. upaccheda

likeness, simile, parable, example (cp. formula introducing u. SN.ii.114; MN.i.148); Snp.705 (cp. Dhp.129, Dhp.130), Snp.1137 (= upanidhā sadisaṃ paṭibhāgo Cnd.158); Iti.114; Vism.341 Vism.478, Vism.5 …

…accusing DN.i.107 (vadati, cp. DN-a.i.276); AN.i.172 (˚vācā); cp. upanīta 3.

ger. of upaneti

1. brought up to or into (mostly -˚) Thig.498; Snp.677 (niraye), Snp.774 (dukkha˚), Snp.898 (bhava˚); Ja.iii.45 (thūṇa˚); Ja.iv.271 (dukkh˚); Mnd.38; Dhp.237 (˚yaya = atikkantavayo Dhp-a.iii.337, ad …

…accusing DN.i.107 (vadati, cp. DN-a.i.276); AN.i.172 (˚vācā); cp. upanīta 3.

ger. of upaneti

…accusing DN.i.107 (vadati, cp. DN-a.i.276); AN.i.172 (˚vācā); cp. upanīta 3.

ger. of upaneti

connection, combination; employment, application Ja.vi.432 (nagare upayogaṃ netvā for use in the town? variant reading upabhogaṃ). Usually in cpd -vacana as tt. g. meaning either combined or conden …

Ura & Uro

masculine & neuter

1. the breast, chest
   ■ Cases after the nt. s declension are instr. urasā Thag.27; Snp.609; & loc.; urasi Snp.255; Ja.iii.148; Ja.iv.118, also urasiṃ Ja.iii.38 …

Ura & Uro

masculine & neuter

1. the breast, chest
   ■ Cases after the nt. s declension are instr. urasā Thag.27; Snp.609; & loc.; urasi Snp.255; Ja.iii.148; Ja.iv.118, also urasiṃ Ja.iii.38 …

1. speaking, utterance, word, bidding SN.ii.18 (alaṃ vacanāya one says rightly); SN.iv.195 (yathā bhūtaṃ); AN.ii.168; Snp.417, Snp.699 Snp.932, Snp.984, Snp.997; Mil.235; Pv.ii.2#7; Snp-a.343, Snp-a …

adjective to be spoken to, or to be answered DN.i.175; Snp.p.140.

grd. formation fr. vacana

adjective (-˚) having speech, speaking, in cpd. saddheyya˚; of credible speech trustworthy Vin.iii.188.

the adj. form of vaco = vacas

*Vacati

see vatti.

vac

kind of root Vin.i.201 = Vin.iv.35.

is found only in cpd. dubbacatā surliness Ja.i.159.

abstr. fr. vaco

…subbaca Pv-a.230)
■ Cp. vacī & vācā.

Vedic vacas, of vac

…viz. musāvāda pisuṇā vācā, pharusā vācā, samphappalāpa AN.ii.141; DN.iii.52, DN.iii.96, DN.iii.111, DN.iii.214, DN.iii.217; Mnd.386;…

to speak, say, tell AN.iv.79; Snp.1037, Snp.1077 sq.; Pp.42; Pv-a.13, Pv-a.16, Pv-a.39;
pot 1^st sg. vade (so read for vado? MN.i.258; 3^rd sg. vadeyya Pv.i.3#3;
aor 3<s …

(-˚)

1. bringing, carrying, leading Pv.i.5#8 (vāri˚ river = mahānadī Pv-a.29); SN.i.103; Pv-a.13 (anattha˚). Doubtful in hetu- vahe Pv.ii.8#5, better with variant reading -vaco, explained by …

Vajja¹

neuter that which should be avoided, a fault, sin DN.ii.38; SN.i.221; Vin.ii.87 (thūla˚ a grave sin); AN.i.47, AN.i.98; AN.iv.140; Pts.i.122; Dhp.252; Vb-a.342 (syn. with dosa and …

adjective to be killed, slaughtered or executed; object of execution; meriting death Vin.iv.226; Snp.580 (go vajjho viya); Ja.ii.402 (cora), Ja.vi.483 (= vajjhappatta cora C.); Vism.314; Kp-a.27- *[ …

contempt, despite Vin.iv.6; MN.i.402 (att’ukkaṃsana: para-vambhana) Cnd.505; Vism.29; Vb-a.484; Pgdp.100
■ Spelt vamhanā at Ja.i.454 (vamhana-vacana) & at Dhs-a.396 (khuṃsana˚).

abstr. fr. vambheti

bragging, boasting, despising Ja.i.319 (˚vacana).

for vambha: see vambheti

Vana¹

neuter the forest; wood; as a place of pleasure sport (“wood”), as well as of danger & frightfulness (“jungle”), also as resort of ascetics, noted for its loneliness (“forest”). Of ( …

underwood, brushwood, thicket. Does not occur in lit meaning, except in exegesis of Dhp.283 at Dhp-a.iii.424 q.v. under vana¹. Another defⁿ is given at Snp-a.24 “taṇhā pariyuṭṭ …

1. rain, shower Ja.iv.284; Ja.vi.486 (khaṇika sudden rain); Mil.307; Mhvs.21, Mhvs.31; Dhp-a.iii.163 (pokkhara˚ portentous); Snp-a.224 (mahā˚ deluge of rain); Pv-a.55 (vāta˚ wind & rain)
   ■ fig …

Vata¹

indeclinable part of exclamation: surely, certainly, indeed, alas! Vin.iii.39 (puris’ usabho vat’ âyaṃ “for sure he is a human bull”) Thig.316 (abbhutaṃ vata vācaṃ bhāsasi); Snp.178, …

adjective noun being in existence, going on, happening at the time; nt. process, progress, (as ˚-) in progress Snp-a.4 (˚uppanna); Pv-a.55 -vacana the present tense Snp-a.16, Snp-a.23.

ppr. m …

…or composition SN.iv.67 (vācā˚); Pts.i.130 (micchādiṭṭhi˚, correct in Index J.P.T.S. 1908!); Vb.319 (uppanna˚; + ārammaṇa),…

to speak, say, call;
pres not found (for which vadati);
fut 1^st sg. vakkhāmi Ja.i.346 3^rd vakkhati SN.i.142; Ja.i.356; Ja.ii.40; Ja.vi.352; Vb-a.51 1 …

attribute, epithet; synonym Ne.1 sq., Ne.24, Ne.53 sq., Ne.82, Ne.106; Vism.427; Snp-a.24, Snp-a.447 Cp. adhivacana.

fr. vivacana

adverb dividing, analysing, detailing; in detail (˚-) DN.iii.229 (˚vyākaraṇīya pañha “discriminating reply” translation); AN.ii.46 (˚vacana analysis)- -vāda the Vibhajja doctrine, i.e. the doctri …

to boast, show off SN.ii.229; Ja.i.454 (= vañcana-vacanaṃ vadati C.)
pp vikatthita.

vi + katthati

scattered about, strewn all over, loose Vin.i.209 (undurehi okiṇṇa˚; overrun); Ja.v.82.

• -kesa with dishevelled hair Ja.i.47; Vism.415.
• -vāca (adj.) of loose talk SN.i.61 (= …

…confusion DN.i.59
■ vācā˚ equivocation, senseless talk DN.i.24. 3. in citta˚ cetaso; v. upset of mind, unbalanced mind, mental…

adjective

1. scattered all over, deranged, dismembered; of a dead body with respect to its limbs (as one of the asubha-kammaṭṭhāna’s: cp vikkhāyika & vicchiddaka) Vism.110 (˚saññā) = Mil.332; Vism.1 …

…vinayanato c’ eva kāya-vācānaṃ vinayy’ attha-vidūhi ayaṃ vinayo Vinayo ti akkhāto,“ i.e. “Because it shows precepts &…

adjective reversed, changed; equivocal; wrong, upset AN.iii.114 (˚dassana); AN.iv.226 (id.); AN.v.284; Thig.393; Ja.i.334; Kv.307; Mil.285 Mil.324; Ne.85 (˚gāha), Ne.126 (˚saññā); Pv-a.244
■ *avipa …

to become annoyed, to get angry (lit. to get heated): this meaning as translation of vi + pac, although not quite correct as pac means to “ripen” and is not ordinarily used of heated conditions …

to make a distinction, to distinguish, define, specify Ja.v.120, Ja.v.451; Snp-a.343; grd. visesitabba (-vacana) qualifying (predicative) expression Vv-a.13
pp *[visesita …

1. let loose; sent (out); released, dismissed; thrown; given out Mhvs.10, Mhvs.68; Ja.i.370; Ja.iii.373; Pv-a.46, Pv-a.64, Pv-a.123, Pv-a.174.
2. (of the voice.) distinct, well enunciated DN.i.1 …

1. restlessness, impatience MN.i.446.
2. disorder twisting, distortion (of views); usually in phrase diṭṭhi˚ with -visevita & ˚vipphandita; e.g. MN.i.234; SN.i.123 (bdhgh’s explⁿ at *K …

1. expansion, breadth; instr. vitthārena in breadth Mil.17; same abl. vitthārato Ja.i.49
2. extension, detail; often in C. style, introducing detailed explanation of the subj …

…to citta & kamma; cp. kāya, vācā, mano in same use), explained at Snp-a.206 by vacīkamma; & in defⁿ of…

opposition, reversal; in purisa˚; change of person (gram.) Snp-a.545; vacana˚; reversal of number (i.e. sg. & pl.) DN-a.i.141; Snp-a.509.

vi + ati + aya

…vā Snp.232 (kāyena vācā uda cetasā vā)
■ In verse vā is sometimes shortened to va, e.g. devo va Brahmā vā…

…Mil.359
■ f. -ikā speech Sdhp.55.

fr. vācā

talk, recitation, disputation; invitation (?), in brāhmaṇa˚; Ja.i.318 (karoti); Ja.iii.171, Ja.iv.391 (karoti); regarded as a kind of festival. At Ja.iii.238 vācanaka is used b …

recitation, reading; -magga way of recitation, help for reading, division of text (into chapters or paragraphs) Tikp.239; Kp-a.12, Kp-a.14, Kp-a.24.

fr. vāceti

1. amiable speech (vācā + peyya = piya) Ja.vi.575 (= piyavacana C.)
2. spelling for vājapeyya (q.v.).

…in meaning “behaviour in speech.”

fr. vācā

1. speaking, speech, talk, nearly always-˚, e.g. iti˚; hearsay, general talk MN.i.133; SN.v.73; AN.ii.26; kumāraka˚; child-talk or childish talk i.e. in the manner of talking to a child SN.ii.21 …

the vājapeya sacrifice, a soma offering. Spelling often vāca˚; (mostly as variant reading); see SN.i.76; AN.ii.42; AN.iv.151; Snp.303; Iti.21; Mil.219; Ja.iii.518. Cp. peyya².

cp. Vedi …

…vāc, for which the usual P. form is vācā

…vac: see vāk & vācā; Vedic vākya

-Y-

combination consonant (sandhi), inserted (euphonically) between 2 vowels for the avoidance of hiatus. It has arisen purely phonetically from i as a sort of “gliding or semi-vowel within a wo …

adverb as, like, in relation to, after (the manner of)
■ As prep. (with acc.): according (to some condition, norm or rule): yathā kāmaṃ (already Vedic) according to his desire …

lit. “yoking, or being yoked,” i.e. connection bond, means; fig. application, endeavour, device

1. yoke, yoking (rare?) Ja.vi.206 (meant here the yoke of the churning-sticks; cp. Ja.vi.209).
2. conn …

adjective noun

1. (-˚) applying oneself (to), working (by means of), using Vism.70 (hattha˚ & patta˚ using the hand or the bowl but translation p. 80: “hand-ascetic” & “bowl-ascetic”).
2. one who …

“fitting,” i.e.

1. application, use Mil.3 (opamma˚).
2. fitness vāda˚, Kv-a.37; in instr. yuttiyā in accordance with Mhvs.10, Mhvs.66 (vacana˚); Sdhp.340 (sutti˚); and abl *[yuttito](/define/yutti …

anything asked for, donation, alms, begging Ja.iii.353; Ja.v.233, Ja.v.234.

-yoga (y. + *yogga; perhaps yāja˚ the original. The variant yājayoga is old & well established: cp. Vi …

adjective sufficient (lit “just as much”; i.e. such as it is), sufficiently founded logical, consistent, exact, definite, true Cnd.275 (where tatha is explained by taccha, bhūta, yāthāva, aviparīta) D …

adverb

1. (as prep.) up to (a point), as far as, how far so far that (cp. tāva I), both temporal and local, used either with absolute form of noun or adj. (base), or nom., or abl. or *acc …

indeclinable lokasmiṃ yad idam arahanto “as far as the abodes of beings, as far as heaven, these are the highest these are the best, I mean the Arahants.” SN.iii.84 yāvatā dhammā sankhatā vā asankhatā …

…or resolution put at a kammavācā (proceedings at a meeting of the chapter. The usual formula is “esā ñatti; suṇātu me bhante sangho”:…

information, pointing out; as tt. g. characteristic, determination, substitute, e.g. kutonidānā is at Snp-a.303 said to equal kiṃ-nidānā, the to of kuto (abl.) equalling or being substituted for the …

adjective to be taken up, acceptable, pleasant, welcome, only in phrase -vacana welcome or acceptable speech, glad words Vin.ii.158; Ja.vi.243; Mil.110; Thag-a.42. Adeva, Adevana

grd. of ādāti (q.v.)

Ādiya¹

adjective grd. of admi, ad, Sk. ādya] edible, eatable AN.iii.45 (bhojanāni).

Ādiya²

in -mukha is uncertain reading at AN.iii.164 sq. (vv.ll. ādeyya˚ & ādheyya), me …

Ādiyati¹

to take up; take to oneself, seize on, grasp, appropriate, fig. take notice of, take to heart, heed
pres ādiyati AN.iii.46; Snp.119, Snp.156, Snp.633 Snp.78 …

Āgada & Āgadana

masculine & neuter a word; talk, speech DN-a.i.66 (= vacana).

ā + gad to speak

Āgada & Āgadana

masculine & neuter a word; talk, speech DN-a.i.66 (= vacana).

ā + gad to speak

1. coming, approach, result, DN.i.53 (āgamanaṃ pavattatī ti DN-a.i.160; cp. Sdhp.249 dukkh˚).
2. that which one goes by, resource, reference source of reference, text, Scripture, Canon; thus a design …

adjective (ā + gāḷha 1; cp. Sk. samāgāḍhaṃ] strong, hard, harsh, rough (of speech), usually in instr. as adv āgāḷhena roughly, harshly aN.i.283, aN.i.295; Pp.32 (so to be read for agāḷhena, althoug …

Āhacca¹

ger. of āhanati.

Āhacca²

adjective

1. (cp. āharati¹) to be removed, removable, in -pādaka-pīṭha & ˚mañca; a collapsible bed or cha …

-nā (f., also -ṇā) addressing, calling; invitation, greeting Snp.40 (ep. Cnd.128) -vacana the address-form of speech i.e. the vocative case (cp. Sk. āmantritaṃ id.) Snp-a.435; Kp-a.167.

f …

joy, pleasure, bliss, delight DN.i.3; Snp.679, Snp.687; Ja.i.207 (˚maccha leviathan); Ja.vi.589 (˚bheri festive drum) DN-a.i.53 (= pītiyā etaṃ adhivacanaṃ).

Vedic ānanda, fr. ā + nand, cp. BSk. ā …

adjective bull-like, becoming to a bull, lordly, majestic, imposing, bold; only in phrase ˚ṃ vācaṃ bhāsati “speak the lordly word” DN.ii.15, DN.ii.82; MN.iii.123j Ja.i.53; DN-a.i.91; cp. Dāvs i.28 ( …

1. to come together, lit. to sit by DN.i.248 (variant reading BB ādisitvā for āsīditvā, to be preferred?).
2. to come or go near, to approach (w. acc.), to get (to) AN.iii.69 (āsīvisaṃ), AN.iii.373 (n …

adjective lit. old, i.e. venerable; used, either as adj. or absolute as a respectful appellation of a bhikkhu of some standing (cp. the semantically identical thera). It occurs usua …

…pasavanti: kāyena vācāya manasā (in 3 ways, qualities or properties AN.i.51 sq.; cp. AN.ii.119 sq. (= saṃvutaṃ tīhi ṭhānehi…