Abhaya ¹

A monk whose verse concerning the bewildering effects of beautiful sights is in the Theragāthā. Thag.98

Abhaya²Abhayarājakumāra

The son of King Bimbisāra and of Padum …

A Therī. Two verses attributed to her are found in the Therigatha. Thig.33–34

A Therī. Two verses are attributed to her in the Therīgāthā. Thig.35 Thig.46

Abhibhū¹

Chief disciple of Sikhī Buddha. DN.ii.9 In the Aruṇavatī Sutta it is said that he went with Sikhī to a Brahma-world and, at the Buddha’s request, preached a sermon to the accompa …

Three verses ascribed to Abhibhūta occur in the Theragāthā, addressd to his kinsmen and retainers. Thag.255–257 The second of these verses is elsewhere SN.i.156 attributed to Abhibhū, chief disciple o …

AbhirūpanandāAbhirūpaNandā

The two verses preached to her by the Buddha are given in the Therīgāthā. Thig.19–20

A Brahmin of Sāvatthī. A verse addressed by him to some corpulent monks is found in the Theragāthā. Thag.114

…monks from the Western country and from Avanti-Dakkhiṇāpatha. Vin.ii.298–289

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Ajita¹

A monk. He devoted his time to explaining the Pātimokkha rules to the monks. At the time of the Second Council he was a monk of ten years’ standing and was appointed to assign seats …

AjitamāṇavaAjita

One of the disciples of Bāvarī who visited the Buddha at the request of their teacher.

He was the first to question the Buddha, and the questions asked by him form the Ajitamāṇavapu …

A monk whose Theragāthā verse describes understanding the Dhamma as like drawing oneself from water to dry land. Thag.88

AmbapālīAmbapālikā

A courtesan of Vesāli. She became a devout follower of the Buddha, and building a vihāra in her own garden, gave it to him and the Order. This was during the Buddha’s last visit …

First cousin of the Buddha and one of his most eminent disciples. He was the son of the Sākyan Amitodana and brother of Mahānāma. When members of other Sākyan families had joined the Order of their di …

An Elder. Once when he was staying in a forest hut in the Mahāvana in Vesāli, near to where the Buddha was, certain wandering ascetics came to him and asked him whether or not a Tathāgata exists after …

A banker (seṭṭhi) of Sāvatthī who became famous because of his unparalleled generosity to the Buddha. His first meeting with the Buddha was during the first year after the Enlightenment, in Rājagaha …

A monk whose verses are recorded in the Theragāthā. Thag.213–214

A headman (gāmani). He came to the Buddha in the Pārileyyaka Mango Grove in Nāḷandā and asked him various questions, recorded in the Saṃyutta Nikāya. SN.iv.312ff. One of these related to the custo …

…Ñātikā in the Giñjakāvasatha, Ānanda mentions to the Buddha that Asoka Thera had died, and asks where he had gone. The Buddha tells him that…

…Ñātikā in the Giñjakāvasatha, and inquires where she had been born, the Buddha says that she had been reborn spontaneously in the…

Assaji¹

The fifth of the Pañcavaggiyā monks. When the Buddha preached the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta, he was the last in whom dawned the eye of Truth, and the Buddha had to discourse to h …

…monks of Avanti Dakkhiṇāpatha and of other border countries. Vin.i.197–198 The Buddha agreed, and among the rules so laid down were the…

AññātakoṇḍaññaKoṇḍañña

One of the five ascetics known as the Pañcavaggiyā. When, after the Enlightenment, the Buddha visited them at Isipatana and preached the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta, Koṇḍañña w …

BakkulaBākulaVakkula

At the age of eighty, Bakkula heard the Buddha preach and left the world. For seven days he remained unenlightened, but on the dawn of the eighth day he became an arahant. Later, …

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of not wanting to drink poison after tasting the Dhamma. Thag.103

An arahant, preceptor of Ānanda. He was once afflicted with scurvy and his robes clung to him. The monks thereupon applied water to the robes, but when the Buddha heard of it he made a rule allowing n …

BelaṭṭhānikaBelaṭṭhakāni

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of how the spiritual life is wasted in gluttony. Thag.101

BeluvaBeluvagāmaVeluvaVeluvagāma

A village near Vesāli, where the Buddha spent his last vassa.

It was at this time that the Buddha, in answer to a question by Ānanda, said that he had kept nothing b …

Bhadda¹

A lay disciple of Nādikā who, the Buddha declared, had destroyed the five lower fetters and had been born in the highest deva worlds, thence to pass away entirely. DN.ii.92

Bhadda …

Bhaddā¹

Wife of King Muṇḍa. At her death the king placed her body in a vessel of oil and mourned for her until his friend Piyaka took him to Nārada Thera at the Kukkuṭārāma, and there made …

A bhikkhunī whose Therīgāthā verses speak of going forth out of faith and attaining the Dhamma. Thig.9

BhallikaBhalliyaBhalluka

Together with Tapussa they were the first lay disciples of the Buddha. They offered a meal shortly after the Buddha was Awakened, while still near Uruvelā. Vin.i.3f. AN.i.2 …

Bharata¹

A monk whose Theragāthā verses call on Nandaka and himself to declare their spiritual prowess to the Buddha. Thag.175–176

Bharata²

King of the Sovīras in the time of …

Bhāradvāja¹

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of the heroic roar of the conquerors. Thag.177–178

Bhāradvāja²

He was the eldest of a clan of Bhāradvājas living in Rājagaha a …

Bhūta

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of the greatest contentment while living among the harsh conditions of the forest. Thag.518–526

…Buddha at Jetavana. The Buddha then preached to her on the uposatha and the advantages of keeping the fast.

Brahmadatta¹

King of Kāsi. He captured Kosala and murdered its king Dīghiti and Dīghiti’s wife, but made peace later with Dīghiti’s son, Dīghāvu, restored to him his father’s kingdom, and …

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of how even the gods envy one such as he, with senses tamed. Thag.205–206

BuddhaBhagavāTathāgataSiddhatthaGotamaSugataSatthā

The Awakened one, the founder and teacher of the Buddha-dhamma. His personal name was Siddhattha Gotama, and he was a Khattiya of the Sakiyan clan. …

A monk who is said to have asked the Buddha, while on the banks of the Gaggarā Lake in Campā, about the conditions from which the Tathāgata is released and emancipated. The Buddha enumerated ten such. …

…Sāvatthī to Dakkhiṇāpatha and lived on the banks of the Godhāvarī in a hermitage which lay half in the territory of Assaka and half in…

…or the oldest of the Uposatha-kula. Next the Horse, Assaratana, named Valāhaka, all white with crow black head, and dark mane, able to fly…

A monk whose Theragāthā verse says that though he is walking blind on a wilderness road he will not go on with an evil companion. Thag.95

Candana¹

A deva, vassal of the Four Regent Gods. DN.ii.258 He is mentioned as one of the chief Yakkhas to be invoked by followers of the Buddha in case of need. DN.iii.204 He once visited …

A bhikkhunī whose Therīgāthā verses speak of how, with no family or friends, she wandering begging food to survive. One day she met Paṭācārā who had just finished eating. Paṭācārā, seeing her pitiable …

Channa¹

A Wanderer, classed among those who wore clothes. He is only mentioned once, in the Aṅguttara Nikāya, AN.iii.215 where we are told that he visited Ānanda at Sāvatthī and asked him …

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of how the cries of the beautiful peacocks wake the meditator to practice. Thag.22

A nun whose Therīgāthāspeak of how in her old age she went to Gijjhakūṭa and there, after meditation, she attained arahantship. Thig.27–28

CāpāCāvā

Her Therīgāthā verses speak of who her husband had formerly been an ascetic who had renounced his vows to have a child with her, but now regretted his decision and wanted to return to the ho …

CūḷagavacchaCūlagavaccha

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of how a joyful monk would realize the state of peace. Thag.11

CūḷakaCūlaka

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of his delight in the beautiful peacocks and good earth, and how happily he meditates. Thag.211–212

An eminent arahant, declared chief among monks skilled in creating forms by mind-power and in mental “evolution” (cetovivaṭṭa). AN.i.23

His Theragathā verses speak of how slow his progress was in …

…is included in the Dakkhinapatha.

The Dakkhinapatha is famous in literature as the birthplace of strong bullocks DhSA.141; NidA.16; DhA.iii.248,…

…intention of holding an uposatha meeting without the Buddha, and, having persuaded five hundred newly ordained monks from Vesāli to join him, he…

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of how one with right effort will overcome defilements. Thag.100

An eminent Therī, ranked foremost among nuns who possessed the gift of preaching. AN.i.25 Her Therīgāthā verse says that one without attachment is bound upstream. Thig.12 In Rājagaha her former husban …

Dhammapāla

A monk whose Theragāthā verses praise the young monk who by virtue of his practice is awake while the world sleeps. Thag.203–204

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of going forth and attaining the three knowledges. Thag.107

Dhammika

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of the good state that awaits one who practices righteousness. Thag.303–306 According to the Aṅguttara. AN.iii.366ff. Dhammika had to leave seven lodgi …

Dhammā

A bhikkhunī whose Therīgāthā verse tells of how one day, while returning from her alms round, she slipped and fell. Meditating on this, she became an arahant. Thig.17

Dhaniya¹Dhanika

A herdsman living on the bank of the river Mahī. One day, while he was in this house, having finished his preparations for the approach of the rains, he sat meditating on h …

Dhīrā¹

A bhikkhunī whose Therīgāthā verse speaks of the wise one who attains Nibbana. Thig.6

Dhīrā²Vīrā

A bhikkhunī whose Therīgāthā verse speaks of how the heroic one overcom …

A monk whose Theragāthā verse says that one who eats much and is lazy will keep being reborn. Thag.17

Perhaps it is this same Dāsaka who is mentioned in the Saṃyutta Nikāya SN.iii.127ff. as having …

EkadhammasavanīyaEkadhammasavaniyaEkadhammika

A monk whose verse is found in the Theragāthā. Thag.67

EkuddāniyaEkuddāna

A monk whose verse in the Theragāthā says that one of higher mind will not sorrow. Thag.68

The verse attributed above to Ekuddāniya, occurs in the Vinaya Vin.iv.54 as having been …

A verse admonishing this monk is found in the Theragāthā. Thag.93

A royal family of Nāgas, mentioned together with Virūpakkhas, Chabbyāputtas, and Kaṇhāgotamakas. For their own protection, monks are advised to fill their hearts with amity for these four classes of N …

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of enduring the discomforts of the forest life. Thag.31

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of his austere life by the Ganges river. Thag.127–128

The second of the nine portions (aṅgas) into which the Buddhist scriptures were arranged before the development of the Tipiṭaka. It includes all the suttas composed in verse, especially the whole Sa …

In the time of Kassapa Buddha he was a potter of Vehaliṅga, looking after his blind parents. He was a very pious and devoted follower of the Buddha, ministering to him better than anyone else, and the …

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of his delight in meditating in his small hut while it rains. Thag.325–329

The Giri Sutta was preached in reference to Girimānanda, when he lay grievously ill. AN …

…Sutta and the Giñjakāvasatha Sutta, SN.v.356f. which was preached at the same place, the Buddha is represented as having answered questions…

The Theragāthā Thag.659–672 contains several stanzas attributed to him, which speak of remaining even among the challenges of life, and the importance of holding to wisdom and righteousness.

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of his delight in meditating while the rain falls on his little hut. Thag.51

According to the Saṃyutta SN.i.120f. account, Godhika lived on the Kāḷasilā in Isig …

…river in Dakkhiṇāpatha, of which it forms the southern boundary, rising in Brahmagiri near the village of Triyanvaka.

18.91278,…

…who came from Giñjakāvasatha. The result of the visit was the preaching of the Cūḷagosiṅga Sutta. MN.i.205f. On another occasion, when…

Gosāla

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of how after eating honey and rice he returns to his hillside to meditate. Thag.23

Gotama¹BuddhaSiddhatthaSakyamunīTathāgataAṅgīrasa

He was a Sākiyan, son of Suddhodana and of Mahā Māyā, Suddhodana’s chief consort, and he belonged to the Gotama-gotta. At age 29 he depar …

Guttā

A bhikkhunī to whom several Therīgāthā verses are addressed, encourageing her to overcome the defliments that have long kept her trapped in suffering. Thig.163–168

One of the nine portions (aṅga) into which the Buddhist scriptures were organized before the Tipiṭaka. It includes the Theragāthā and Therīgāthā, and other verses. Vin.iii.8

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of taming this mind like an elephant. Thag.77

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of the impermanence of life, and the bitter fruit of evil deeds. Thag.145–146

…Kaṇṇamuṇḍā, Rathakāra, Chaddantā, Kuṇālā, Mandākinī and Sīhappapātaka; these lakes are never heated by the sun. AN.iv.101…

Hārita¹

A Mahā Brahmā who was present at the preaching of the Mahāsamaya Sutta, at the head of one hundred thousand other Brahmās. DN.ii.261

Hārita²

A monk whose Theragāthā ve …

Isidatta¹

A verse uttered by Isidatta, in response to the Buddha’s enquiry regarding his welfare, is recorded in the Therāgāthā. Thag.120

According to the Saṃyutta Nikāya, SN.iv.283–288 I …

She was the daughter of a good and wealthy merchant of Ujjenī. Having come of age, she was given in marriage to the son of a merchant in Sāketa.

For one month she lived with him as a devoted wife; th …

…Sutta SN.iii.66f.

• the Rathakāra or Pacetana Sutta AN.i.110f.
• the two Pāsa Suttas SN.i.105f.
• the Samaya Sutta AN.iii.320ff.
• the…

JambugāmikaJambugāmiya

A monk whose Theragāthā verse asks whether he is intent on adornments or virtue. Thag.28

Jambuka

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of how he practiced severe austerities for 55 year before going for refuge in the Buddha and attaining Awakening. Thag.283–286

…mind, loose of speech and heedless. He appeared before them on an uposatha day and reminded them of their duties. SN.i.61f.

Jenta¹

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of how the contemplation of impermanence helps to cope with the sufferings of life. Thag.111

Jenta²Purohitaputta

A monk whose Thera …

JentāJentī

A bhikkhunī whose Therīgāthā verses speak of developing the path and becoming Awakened. Thig.21

Jeta¹

A prince. Owner of Jetavana, which he sold to Anāthapiṇḍika for eighteen crores. He then spent all that money on the erection of a gateway at the entrance, which he decorated with mu …

JetavanaJeta’s GroveAnāthapiṇḍaka’s ParkAnāthapiṇḍikassa ārāmaAnāthapiṇḍada’s Park

A park in Sāvatthī, in which was built the Anāthapiṇḍikārāma. When the Buddha accepted Anāthapiṇḍika’s invitation to …

A bhikkhunī mentioned in the Therīgāthā verses of Isidāsi, who describes Jinadattā as a learned and virtuous expert in the Vinaya. Thig.427

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of kamma. Thag.143–144

…evidently, to the Uttarāpatha. AN.i.213 AN.iv.252 AN.iv.256 AN.iv.260

In the Assalāyana Sutta MN.ii.149 it is stated that in Yona and in…

Kappa¹

One of Bāvarī’s disciples. The questions he asked of the Buddha are recorded in the Kappamāṇavapucchā. Snp.1007 Snp.1092–1095

Kappa²

A monk whose Theragāthā verses spea …

A monk whose verses are found in the Theragāthā. Thag.199–200

Kassapa¹

One of the seven Buddhas mentioned in the Canon. DN.ii.7

Among those who attained arahantship under Kassapa is mentioned Gavesī, who, with his five hundred followers, strove alwa …

A brahmin of the Bhāradvāja clan, living at Ekanālā, in Dakkhiṇāgiri, and so called on account of his profession of agriculture. On the day of his festive sowing, the Buddha visited him alone, and sto …

A monk whose Theragāthā verses describe how he heard the Dhamma, practiced, and overcame all defileents. Thag.179–180

KaṭṭhakāKathakā

A class of devas present at the Mahāsamaya. DN.ii.261

A monk whose Theragāthā verse says that he made an offering of one flower, dwelt in heaven a long period, then became enlightened. Thag.96

Khemā

An arahant, chief of the Buddha’s women disciples for her great wisdom. AN.i.25 Her Therīgāthā verses depict her being described as beautiful, but rejecting the pleasures of the senses. Thig.13 …

Khitaka¹

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of how light and joyful his body feels. Thag.104

Khitaka²

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of one who stands firm like a rock …

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of learned ascetics of Pāṭaliputta. Thag.234–236 He was evidently one of the Pācīnaka (’Eastern“) monks who proclaimed the ten indulgences at Vesāli. He was one of …

Kisāgotamī

A nun who was declared chief among women disciples with respect to the wearing of coarse robes. AN.i.25 Gotamī was her name—she was called Kisā because of her thinness.

In her Therīgāthā …

KokanudaKokanada

A Paribbājaka. He meets Ānanda on the banks of the Tapodā, where they are both bathing, and enters into conversation with him. Kokanuda asks Ānanda a series of questions, such as whe …

KosalavihārīKosallavihārī

A monk whose Theragāthā verses say that he went forth in faith and dwells diligently in a forest hut. Thag.59

Kosiya¹Kosiyagotta

The name of a brahmin clan. In the pācittiya it is given as one of the lower gottas, Vin.iv.8 but it is also Sakka’s gotta, and is therefore generally regarded as a …

The Theragāthā verses Thag.393–398 ascribed to him speak of the contemplation of the foulness of the body.

Kumārakassapa

He was foremost among those who had the gift of varied and versatile discourse. AN.i.24 Once when Kumāra Kassapa was meditating in Andhavana a deva appeared before him, and asked him fi …

KuṇḍadhānaKoṇḍadhānaKoṇṭhadhānaKuḍḍadhāna

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of cutting off or developing five things. Thag.15 He was proclaimed the first among those who received food tickets. AN. …

KuṇḍalaKulakuṇḍalaKuḷakuṇḍalaKulaKuḷa

The verse attributed to Kundala in the Theragāthā Thag.19 occurs twice in the Dhammapada

Kuṭivihārī¹

The monk was so called because he obtained insight in a hut. Thag.56

Kuṭivihārī²

A monk whose Theragāthā verse is an encouragement to be content with his old hut. Thag.57

…Ñātika, at the Giñjakāvasatha, the Buddha tells Ānanda that Kālinga was reborn after death in the Suddhavāsā, and that there he would attain…

A monk to whom several Theragāthā verses on the need for energetic striving were addressed. Thag.411–416

A monk whose verses in the Theragāthā tell depict him encouraging the Buddha to return to his kinsmen. When the rains fell, covering the earth with the glory of leaves and flowers, Kāḷudāyī felt that …

LakkhīLacchī

Normally Lakkhī is the Pali equivalent of the goddess of luck, Lakśmī. However in the early texts the name only appears in one obscure Therīgāthā verse. Thig.421

LakuṇṭakaBhaddiya

He was given the title of Lakuntaka (Dwarf) owing to his very small stature.

The Udāna Ud.vii.1 Ud.vii.2 makes reference to the admonitions of Sāriputta and to the Buddha’s joy whe …

A monk whose Theragāthā verse says that, thrusting aside grasses with his chest, he will seek seclusion. Thag.27

According to the Lomasakaṅgiya Bhaddekaratta Sutta, MN.iii.199f. Candana visited Lom …

The Saṃyutta Nikāya mentions an interview between an Elder of this name and the Sākyan Mahānāma. Mahānāma asks the Elder if the learner’s way of life is identical with that of the Tathāgata. Vaṅgīsa a …

…monks for the holding of uposatha, he himself being pure. The Buddha read his thoughts, appeared before him, and urged upon him the necessity of so…

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of practicing properly and awaiting ones’ time. Thag.12

…and Kamboja. The first fourteen are included in the Majjhimadesa, the two last being in Uttarāpatha.

Twelve countries are mentioned in the…

MahākaccāyanaKaccāyanaMahākaccānaKaccāna

One of the most eminent disciples of the Buddha, considered chief among expounders in full of the brief saying of the Buddha. AN.i.23 Several suttas illustrat …

…he need attend the uposatha ceremonies, since he himself was pure. The Buddha appeared before him, telling him to go. He sent for him and…

MahākassapaKassapaPippali

One of the Buddha’s most eminent disciples, chief among those who upheld austere practices. AN.i.23 His personal name was Pippali, but he is usually known by his clan name K …

MahākoṭṭhitaMahākotthitaKoṭṭhitaKotthita

One of the foremost disciples of the Buddha, ranked foremost among masters of analytical knowledge. AN.i.24 His Theragāthā verse speaks of contentment and sha …

A monk whose Theragāthā verses describe a large swarthy woman sitting surrounded by bones in the charnel ground, evidently a practitioner of asceticism. He expresses the wish to never be reborn. Thag.141–152

MahāmoggallānaMoggallānaKolita

The second of the Chief Disciples of the Buddha. He and Sāriputta went forth as disciples of Sañjaya. After some time, Sāriputta, wandering about in Rājagaha, met Assaj …

A monk whose Theragāthā verses warn of the dangers that face a monk who neglects the Dhamma. Thag.387–392

Mahānāma¹

A Sākiyan rājā, son of Amitodana; he was elder brother of Anuruddha and cousin of the Buddha. When the Sākiyan families of Kapilavatthu sent their representatives to join the Ord …

Mahāpajāpatī GotamīPajāpatī

An eminent bhikkhunī and the step-mother of the Buddha. She raised the Buddha as her own child after the death of his mother.

She is chiefly remembered as the first bhik …

The elder brother of Cūḷapanthaka. He was declared pre eminent among those skilled in the evolution of consciousness. (saññāvivatta). AN.i.24

A set of verses uttered by him in the joy of attainment …

…when four suns appear in the world. These seven lakes are Anotattā, Sīhapapātā, Rathakāra, Kappamundā, Kuṇālā, Chaddantā and…

…king who observed the uposatha, together with his people. When a grey hair appeared on his head he went forth to develop the divine abidings,…

A monk whose Theragāthā verse says that one should only stay in a dwelling that is conducive to the goal. Thag.105

…their performances. But Medakathalikā said that each should look after himself, which would be the better way.

The Buddha related this story at…

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of his great faith in the Buddha. Thag.131–132

MettajiMattaji

A monk whose Theragāthā verse extols the Buddha. Thag.94

A bhikkhunī whose Therīgāthā verses speak of of how she strugged up a mountain, only to sit and become Awakened. Thig.29–30

MeṇḍasiraMeṇḍasīsa

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of realizing release from suffering after many lifetimes. Thag.78

Migajāla

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak in praise of the eightfold path. Thag.417–422

The Saṃyutta Nikāya SN.iv.35f. contains two discussions which he had with the Buddha; the second was a t …

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of becoming Awakened since he went forth. Thag.181f.

MittakālīMittakālikāMittakāḷīMittakāḷikā

A bhikkhunī whose Therīgāthā verses speak of how, having gone forth in faith, she missed out of the higher goals of the ascetic life, so lusted for gains and …

…she was formerly attached to the idea of performing rites on the uposatha days aspiring for heavenly rebirth. Thig.31–32

He belonged to a brahmin family and studied under Bāvarī as an ascetic. He was one of the sixteen pupils sent by Bāvarī to the Buddha. Snp.1116–1119 The Buddha declared him foremost among wearers of r …

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of unflagging striving, regardless of life or limb. Thag.311–314

Muttā ¹

A bhikkhunī whose Therīgāthā verse speaks of being freed. Thig.2

Muttā ²

A bhikkhunī whose Therīgāthā verse speaks of being freed from three crooked things. Thig.11

M …

MāluṅkyāputtaMāluṅkyaputtaMālukyaputta

The Theragāthā contains two sets of verses attributed to him. One set speaks of the dangers of craving and encourages effort. Thag.399–404 The second set speaks …

A monk whose Theragāthā verse says that he went forth after seeing an old man, a sick man, and a dead man. Thag.73

Brother of Uruvelā Kassapa. He received his name from living on the bank of the Nerañjara at the head of three hundred ascetics. His Thergāthā verses speak of how his former wrong views and practices …

Nanda¹Vaccha

Mentioned in a list of well known leaders of the Ajivakas, the others being Kisa Saṅkicca and Makkhali Gosāla. MN.i.524 They were declared by Purāṇa Kassapa, in his classifica …

Nandaka¹

Once, at the Buddha’s request, he preached a sermon to the nuns; on the first day they became sotāpannas, and, on the second, five hundred of them attained arahantship. MN.iii.270 …

Nandiya¹

He belonged to a Sākiyan family of Kapilavatthu, and was called Nandiya because his birth brought bliss. He left the world at the same time as Anuruddha, Kimbila and the others, a …

A bhikkhunī whose Therīgāthā verses speak of her former useless practice of austerities and her current state of Awakening. Thig.87–91

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of practicing with joy in the forest, despite being ill. Thag.435–440

Nigaṇṭha NāṭaputtaNigaṇṭha NāthaputtaNāthaputtaNāṭaputta

Founder or reformer of the Jains. One of six eminent teachers, contemporary with the Buddha; he is described as a outsider. SN.i.66

He was le …

Nigrodha¹

A wanderer. Once, when he was staying with a large number of colleagues at the Udumbarikārāma near Rājagaha, Sandhāna, on his way to see the Buddha, stopped him and entered into …

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of giving up desire and patiently awaiting one’s time. Thag.195–196

…Virūpakkha, Erāpatha, Chabyāputta and Kaṇhāgotamaka. The enmity between the Nāgas and the Garulas is proverbial. DN.ii.258 In the…

Nāgita¹

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of the unique efficacy of practicing the Buddha’s path. Thag.86

Nāgita²

For some time the personal attendant of the Buddha. DN.i.1 …

The followers of Nigaṇṭha Nāṭaputta. DN.iii.117

A monk whose Theragāthā verse asks when the lazy fool will ever escape suffering. Thag.84

…day they had taken the uposatha-vows. The conversation that took place between Oṭṭhaddha and the Buddha is recorded in the Mahāli Sutta….

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of his energetic resolve after going forth. Thag.222–224

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of attaining happiness. Thag.63

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of the superiority of the taste of Dhamma over all other flavors. Thag.91

His Theragāthā verses speak of his helping his relatives to practice generosity, so they attained a favorable rebirth. Thag.240–242

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of the end of rebirth. Thag.87

Paṭācārā

A bhikkhunī whose Therīgāthā verses speak of her efforts to attain Awakening. Thig.112–116 She was declared by the Buddha to be the best among bhikkhunīs who knew the Vinaya. AN.i.25 She was …

A monk whose Theragāthā verses depict the ascetic Paṇḍarassagotta questioning him on the future decline of Bhikkhus. Thag.949–980

PilindavacchaPilindivacchaPilindiyavacchaPilindaPilindiPilindiya

A monk whose enigmatic Theragāthā verse speaks of what has come and not departed. Thag.9 Certain devas who had been born in the deva w …

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of going against what everyone else does. Thag.76

Piṇḍola¹

A Pacceka Buddha, given in a nominal list. MN.iii.69

Piṇḍola²Bhāradvāja

An arahant who announced before the Buddha his readiness to answer the questions of any doubti …

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of caution when accepting food from women. Thag.34

…Sāriputta is given in the Rathavinīta Sutta. MN.i.146ff.

The Buddha declared Puṇṇa to be pre-eminent among those who preached the Dhamma….

Puṇṇamāsa¹

A monk whose Theragāthā verse says that a restrained and wise one knows the rise and passing away of the world. Thag.10

Puṇṇamāsa²

A monk whose Theragāthā verses sp …

A monk. He is mentioned as visiting the Buddha and asking him under what conditions a sermon presents itself to the mind of a Tathāgata. AN.iv.337f. AN.v.154f.

Puṇṇā¹

A bhikkhunī whose Therīgāthā verse speaks of being full with good qualities, like the full moon. Thig.3

Puṇṇā²Puṇṇikā

A bhikkhunī whose Therīgāthā verses argue that bat …

A monk whose Theragāthā verses are collected in two sizable groups. The first depicts him meditating in solitude and pondering over the things that one should do to accompish one’s duty and do no harm …

Pārāsariya¹Pārāpariya

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of how being restrained he has overcome defilements. Thag.116

Pārāsariya²

A brahmin teacher mentioned in the Indriya …

…respective districts on uposatha days, the fourteenth and fifteenth days of the month. Each section of the rules is recited and, at the end of…

A city of the Mallas which the Buddha visited during his last journey, going there from Bhogagāma and stopping at Cunda’s mango grove.

Cunda lived in Pāvā and invited the Buddha to a meal, which prov …

Rakkhita ¹

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of having uprooted all defilements and become cool. Thag.79

Rakkhita²Rakkhitavanasaṇḍa

A forest tract near the village of Pāril …

Revata¹Khadiravaniya

An eminent disciple of the Buddha, declared by him foremost among forest dwellers. AN.i.24

His Theragāthā verses appear under two names. As Khadiravaniya he admonishe …

Rohinī¹

The Therīgāthā Thig.271–290 contains a set of verses spoken by her in exaltation, when, after becoming an arahant, she recalled to mind the discussion she had had with her father w …

The Buddha declared him foremost among those who could inspire speech in others. AN.i.25

The Theragāthā Thag.133–134 contains two verses spoken by him in praise of concentration of the mind.

The Rād …

RāhulaRāhulabhadda

Only son of Gotama Buddha. When the Buddha visited Kapilavatthu for the first time after his Enlightenment and accepted Suddhodana’s invitation, Rāhula’s mother sent the boy to the …

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of how, when he saw a woman’s rotting corpse in the cemtery, at first lust arose, then he mindfully overcame his defilements. Thag.315–319

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of how his mind does not waver among the sounds of nature. Thag.49

SabbakaSappaka

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of his joy in living on the banks of the Ajakaraṇī, practising meditation. Thag.307–310.

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of getting rid of desire for this impure body. Thag.453–458

Sabbakāma lived on to one hundred and twenty years of age, and was consulted by Yasa, Soreyya Revata, …

Sabbamitta

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of the suffering inherent in relationships. Thag.149–150

Sakulā¹

The foremost among nuns in the divine eye. AN.i.25 Her Therīgāthā verses say that while still living in the household, she heard the Dhamma taught by a monk, and then saw the Dhamm …

Sambhūta¹Sītavaniya

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of how a bhikkhu in the Sītavana (Cool Grove) is victorious. Thag.6

Sambhūta²Sānavāsī

When the Vajjiputtaka heresy aro …

SambulaKaccāna

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of how he dwells happily though living in a fearful hole. Thag.189–190

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of experiencing the suffering caused by kamma in the past. Thag.81

…Ñātikā in the Giñjakāvasatha, when the Buddha preached to him the Sandha Sutta. AN.v.323f.

It is, perhaps, the same monk who is mentioned as…

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of attaining a perception of the Buddha under a fig tree. Thag.217–218

Sangharakkhita

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of one who, although in seclusion, still has uncontrolled faculties. Thag.109

Sarabhaṅga¹

A Pacceka Buddha. MN.iii.70

Sarabhaṅga²

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of living in a hut of reeds he built himself. By practicing the straight road of the s …

Sañjaya¹

A monk whose Theragāthā verse says that since going forth he has not had any hate. Thag.48

Sañjaya²

In the Kaṇṇakatthala Sutta Viḍūḍabha tells the Buddha that it was …

A bhikkhunī whose Therīgāthā verse speaks of having left behind family and possessions, as well as all defilements. Thig.18

Saṅkicca

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of his delight in meditating in the forest, free of harmful intentions, and confident that his religious path is accomplished. Thag.597–607

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of seeing the Buddha at the Gayā festival. Thag.287–290

A monk whose Theragāthā verse describes how those how are defiled do not find stillness. Thag.102

SigālakapitāSiṅgālakapitāSigālapitāSiṅgālapitā

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speak of a monk who practices skeleton-meditation in the Bhesakaḷā forest. Thag.18

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of openness, and how when confronted by Death, one should not waste one’s days. Thag.447–452

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of how a monk without anger will not grieve when the time for Death approaches. Thag.502–509

Sirimā¹

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of remaining still in mind amid praise and blame. Thag.159–160

Sirimā²

Sirimā is mentioned in a list of eminent upāsikās. AN.iv.347

Sirivaḍḍha¹

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of meditating in the cleft of Mounts Vebhāra and Paṇḍava while the lightning flashes. Thag.41

Sirivaḍḍha²

A minister of Pasena …

A monk whose Theragāthā verses say one should avoid a lzy man and associate with those who are energetic. Thag.147–148

Sopāka¹

A monk whose Theragāthā verse says one should love all beings, like a woman loves her only child. Thag.33

Sopāka²

A monk whose Theragāthā verse says that he walked wit …

Soṇa¹

A Thera, declared chief of those possessing clear utterance. AN.i.24 He lived in Avantī, where he met Mahākaccāna and was later ordained by him, after much difficulty assembling the …

Soṇā¹

An eminent lay woman, disciple of the Buddha. AN.iv.348

Soṇā²Bahuputtikā

A Therī. She was declared foremost among nuns for capacity of effort. She had ten sons and daugh …

Subhā¹

A group of Brahmās; the group includes the Parittasubhā, the Appamāṇasubhā and the Subhakiṇhā. MN.iii.102

Subhā²Kammāradhītā

The daughter of a rich goldsmith of Rājagah …

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of how, when someone lives the wrong way they blame their bad luck, and praises one who only speaks about what they actually do. Thag.320–324

He was declared chief of those who lived remote and in peace, and of those who were worthy of gifts. AN.i.24 The Buddha also praised his skill in meditation. Ud.vi.7

A verse attributed to him is incl …

Subāhu¹

He was the son of a seṭṭhi family of Benares, and was the friend of Yasa. When Yasa and his companions joined the Order Subāhu followed his example, and they all became arahants. V …

Sudatta¹

A lay disciple of Nādikā who had become a sakadāgāmin. DN.ii.92 SN.v.356f.

Sudatta²

A devaputta who visited the Buddha at Jetavana and spoke two stanzas on the va …

A Pacceka Buddha in a nominal list. MN.iii.70

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of going forth after one rainy season, then attaining the Dhamma. Thag.24

A monk whose Theragāthā verse cryptically speaks of 100 signs. Thag.106

Sujātā¹

The foremost laywoman in being first to go for refuge. DN.ii.135 AN.i.26

Sujātā²

A lay woman of Ñātikā. The Buddha said that she had become a sotāpanna and had thus as …

Sumana¹

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of having accomplished all that he was aksed to do. Thag.330–334

Sumana²Cūḷasumana

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of ordaini …

Sumanā¹Sumanārājakumārī

She was the daughter of the king of Kosala and sister of Pasenadi. She is included among the eminent upāsikās. AN.iv.347 She once visited the Buddha, with five hu …

Sumaṅgala¹

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of being well rid of three crooked things, and exhorts himself to meditation. Thag.43

Sumaṅgala²

A Pacceka Buddha. MN.iii.70

A bhikkhunī whose Therīgāthā verses celebrate her freedom from household drudgery and her brutal husband. Thig.23–24

She was the daughter of King Koñca of Mantāvatī. Her Therīgāthā verses, of which she has the greatest number of any of the nuns, speak of the emptiness of the home life and the advantages of going for …

A monk whose Theragāthā verses tell of how he was tempted by a courtesan. She showed herself to him, decked and adorned and wearing golden slippers, and invited him in with seductive manner. But seein …

Sundarī¹

A bhikkhunī whose Therīgāthā verses consist of a dialogue, firstly between her father Sujāta and a bhikkhunī, Vāsiṭṭhī, Thig.313–324 and later between Sundarī and her mother. Thig …

Sundarīnandā¹

Younger sister of Thullanandā; she had two other sisters, Nandā and Nandavatī. Sāḷha Migāranattā seduced her, and she was proclaimed guilty of a Pārājika offence. Vin.iv.21 …

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of one who understands the mind, practicing jhāna happily. Thag.85

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of his humble origins and how he bowed and scaped before many people, until he was lifted up by the Buddha. Practcing in the forest he realized the Dhamma, so that …

A monks whose Theragāthā verses speak of attaining the goal of the spiritual life. Thag.135–136

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of the advantages of associating with good people. Thag.75

Suyāma¹

A devaputta, chief of the Yāma-devas. AN.iv.242 DN.i.217

Suyāma²Suyāmana

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of abandoning unwholesome states of mind. Thag.74

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of the happiness of one who practices the right way. Thag.35

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of the end of rebirth. Thag.90

Sāmā¹

A bhikkhunī whose Therīgāthā verses speak of how she could not find peace after going to the monastery five times, then later attained the end of suffering. Thig.37–38

Sāmā^{2</s …}

…visit the Buddha on an uposatha day. Hemavata then asked the Buddha a series of questions. Snp.176–205

Sātāgira is mentioned in the…

The capital city of Kosala in India and one of the six great Indian cities during the lifetime of the Buddha. DN.ii.147 It was six leagues from Sāketa. Vin.i.253 It was on the banks of the Aciravatī.V …

SāṭimattiyaSātimattiya

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of one who formerly had faith but now has no more, and of wandering for alms, a little here and there. Thag.246–248

Sīha¹

A Licchavi general of Vesāli. He was a follower of the Nigaṇṭhas. When the Buddha visited Vesāli, Sīha, having heard reports of his greatness, wished to see him, but Nigaṇṭha Nāṭaput …

A bhikkhunī whose Therīgāthā verses tell of how for seven years she tried, without success, to concentrate her mind. Then she tied a noose round her neck and fastened the end to a tree, and in this po …

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak in praise of virtue (sīla). Thag.608–619

A grove near Rājagaha where Anāthapiṇḍika first met the Buddha. When Anāthapiṇḍika approached it, he was filled with fear and trembling. But he was reassured by a friendly Yakkha, Sīvaka. Vin.ii.155*f …

Sīvaka¹

A Yakkha who helped Anāthapiṇḍika to find the Buddha at Sītavana.Vin.ii.155f. SN.i.211 He is mentioned among the chief Yakkhas to be invoked by followers of the Buddha in time of …

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of attaining his goal and abandoning pride. Thag.60

Sīvali was declared by the Buddha AN.i.24 pre-eminent among recipients of gifts.

A Pacceka Buddha. MN.iii.69

Tavakaṇṇika, Tavannika, Tavakinnoka

A householder who realised Nibbāna from knowledge of the Tathāgata. He is mentioned in a list of such householders, but nothing further is known of him. AN.iii.451

Tavakaṇṇika, Tavannika, Tavakinnoka

A householder who realised Nibbāna from knowledge of the Tathāgata. He is mentioned in a list of such householders, but nothing further is known of him. AN.iii.451

Tavakaṇṇika, Tavannika, Tavakinnoka

A householder who realised Nibbāna from knowledge of the Tathāgata. He is mentioned in a list of such householders, but nothing further is known of him. AN.iii.451

TekicchakārīTekicchakāni

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of how, by recollecting the triple Gem and the four immeasurables, he overcomes lack of food and comfort. Thag.381–386

A bhikkhunī whose Therīgāthā verse says she may sleep happily now the defilements are stilled. Thig.1

Tissa¹

One of the two chief disciples of Vipassī Buddha. DN.ii.4

Tissa²

A monk who was reborn as a Brahmā with great iddhi-powers. Moggallāna visited him soon after his bir …

Ubbirī>

A bhikkhunī whose verses in the Therīgāthā tell of her lamenting the death of her daughter, Jīva, and reflecting that thousands of her daughters must likewise have died in previous lives. Th …

He once visited the Buddha and told him how he rivalled in power and wealth the seṭṭhi Migāra, grandson of Rohana. He was worth one hundred thousand in gold alone, to say nothing of silver. The Buddha …

Ujjaya¹

A Pacceka Buddha, mentioned in the list in the Isigili Sutta. MN.iii.70

Ujjaya²

A monk whose verse is in the Theragāthā. Thag.67

Ujjaya³

A brahmin. He onc …

A monk whose verse is recorded in the Theragāthā. Thag.65

When Upacālā was taking her siesta in Andhavana, Māra tried to arouse in her sensual desires, but she vanquished him and became an arahant. This account is found in both the Therīgāthā and the Saṃyutt …

Upasamā>

A bhikkhunī whose verse is found in the Therīgāthā. Thig.10

UpasenaVaṅgantaputta

When his ordination was but one year old, he ordained another bhikkhu, to increase the number of holy ones, and went with him to wait upon the Buddha. The Buddha roundly rebuked …

The name of the Elephant Treasure of the Cakkavatti Mahāsudassana. He was “all white, sevenfold firm (sattappatiṭṭha), wonderful in power, flying through the sky.”. DN.ii.174 MN.iii.173f.

Uppalavaṇṇā

One of the two chief women disciples of the Buddha, and the chief of the women possessed of psychic power. AN.i.25 The Therīgāthā Thig.234–235 SN.i.131f. contains several verses attribu …

Upāli ¹

One of the most eminent of the Buddha’s immediate disciples. He belonged to a barber’s family in Kapilavatthu and entered the service of the Sākiyan princes. When Anuruddha and his …

UruvelākassapaKassapa

One of three brothers, the Tebhātika-Jatilas, living at Uruvelā. After initial resistance, all became the Buddha’s followers. He lived on the banks of the Nerañjara with five h …

Uttamā¹

A bhikkhunī whose verses in the Therīgāthā tell of her repeated struggles before realizing awakening. Thig.42–44

Uttamā²

A bhikkhunī whose verses in the Therīgāthā tel …

Uttara¹

A monk whose verses are recorded in the Theragāthā. Thag.121–122

Uttara²

A monk whose verse are recorded in the Theragāthā. Thag.161–162

Uttara³

A *devapu …

A monk whose Theragāthā verse tell of how he overcame his desire and confusion and attained arahantship. Thag.252–254

…who observed the uposatha of the eight precepts.

Uttarā⁵

A little yakkhinī, sister of Punabbasu. For her story see…

…literature. Perhaps Uttarāpatha was originally the name of a great trade-route, the northern high road which extended from Sāvatthī to…

A resident of Uttarāpatha. Vin.iii.6

Uttiya¹

A monk whose Theragāthā verse tells of how when ill, he aroused mindfulness. Thag.30

In the Saṃyutta Nikāya SN.v.22 the Buddha explains to him, in answer to his question, the char …

A wanderer who later became an arahant Thera. Several conversations he had with the Buddha are mentioned in the books. For details see the Tevijja Vacchagotta-, Aggi Vacchagotta-, Mahā Vacchagotta- …

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of the ease of attaining Nibbana for one who practices well. Thag.71

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of dwelling alone in the forest. Thag.62 Vajjiputta’s story is given in the Saṃyutta. SN.i.201f.

A Vajjiputta, perhaps the same person, has another verse that …

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of how, after many rebirths he has found peace. Thag.215–216

Vakkali

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of never relinquishing energy, whether ill or happy, while meditating in the forest. Thag.350–354 The Buddha declared him foremost among those of implicit …

A Theragāthā verse ascribed to a monk of this name speaks of rejoicing while it rains outside, since he meditates in comfort in his hut. Thag.53

Two further verses ascribed to a monk of the same name …

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of his delight to be meditating in nature. Thag.13

There is a separate verse also ascribed to a Vacchagotta on the same theme. Thag.113

Vappa ¹

One of the group of five monks who practiced with the Bodhisatta before his Awakening, and who were his first monastic followers. Vappa was disappointed when the Buddha began takin …

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of one who kills himself and others, and then address a certain Sujampati, saying that a brahmin has color on the inside. Thag.139–140

Vaḍḍha¹

A Licchavi. He was a friend of the Mettiyabhummajakā, and, at their instigation, charged Dabba Mallaputta with having committed adultery with his wife. Dabba repudiated the charge, …

Vaḍḍhamāna

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of putting forth effort as if one’s haor was on fire. Thag.40 Elsewhere Thag.1162 this same verse is ascribed to Moggallāna as having been spoken by hi …

Vaḍḍhamātā>

An arahant, mother of Vaḍḍha. Her conversation with Vaḍḍha and his declaration to her after becoming an arahant are included in the Therīgāthā. Thig.204–212

A monk who was declared foremost in the gift of spontaneous poetic expression. AN.i.24

The Theragāthā contains numerous verses spoken by him on various occasions Thag.1208–1279 SN.i.183ff. Some of …

VepacittiSambara

An Asura chieftain, who was present with Namuci (Māra) at the preaching of the Mahāsamaya Sutta. DN.ii.259

Vepacitti was the friend of Rāhu, and when Rāhu seized Candimā and Suriya …

…householders of Uttarāpatha, staying at Verañjā, supplied the monks with food. Moggallāna proposed to get food by the exercise of his magic…

Vijaya¹

A householder, mentioned as an exemplary layman. AN.iii.451

Vijaya²

A monk whose Theragāthā verse says that one without defilements may not be traced, like birds in th …

A bhikkhunī whose Therīgāthā verses say that she went to the monastery up to five times before being approached by a bhikkhunī, who taght her the Dhamma, so that now she dwells in freedom and bliss. T …

Several verses uttered by him in self admonition, in which he displays his knowledge of elephant training, are included in the Theragāthā. Thag.355–359

Vimala¹

One of the four friends of Yasa who, following the latter’s example, joined the Order and attained arahantship. Vin.i.18f.

Vimala²

A monk whose Theragāthā verse spea …

A monk whose Theragāthā verse is in the form of a riddle. Thag.64

A bhikkhunī whose Therīgāthā verses speak of the fading beuaty of youth and the peace of liberation. Thig.72–76

Visākha¹

Husband of Dhammadinnā. After Dhammadinnā had joined the Order, she left the city and retired into the country, returning to Rājagaha after she had attained arahantship. Visākha, …

…on the keeping of the uposatha, AN.i.205ff. AN.iv.255 the discourse of the eight qualities which win for women power in this world and power…

A monk whose Theragāthā verses praise non-harming and seclusion. Thag.237–239

A bhikkhunī whose Therīgāthā verses tell of her child’s death and her subsequent history. Thig.133–138

It is said that the brahmin Sujāta, father of Sundarī, met Vāsetthī, and, hearing her story, him …

Vīra

A monk whose Theragāthā verse speaks of taming oneself like a hero. Thag.8

A monk whose Theragāthā verses speak of how, while shaving, he gained insight. Thag.169–170

The god of death. When beings die they are led before him to be judged according to their deeds. Birth, old age, illness, punishment for crime and death, are regarded as his messengers, sent among men …

…of the south (Dakkhiṇāpatha), asking for their assistance in checking the corruption of the religion. With them he visited Sambhūta…

YasojaYasojoti

The Udāna mentions Ud.iii.3 how Yasoja and five hundred of his companions went to see the Buddha at Jetavana. There they stood talking to the monks who lived there and made a great upr …

A branch of knowledge, dabbling in which is forbidden to monks. Probably the Atharva Veda, which includes sorcery and magic spells. Snp.927

A monk whose verse is in the Theragāthā. Thag.72