Szótár

(Letölthető rövid segédanyag: Páli-Magyar Szójegyzék)

vāṭa, 301 találat.

vata →

pts

Vata1

indeclinable part of exclamation: surely, certainly, indeed, alas! Vin.iii.39 (puris’ usabho vat’ âyaṃ “for sure he is a human bull”) Thig.316 (abbhutaṃ vata vācaṃ bhāsasi); Snp.178, …

vaṭa →

pts

the Indian fig tree Ja.i.259 (˚rukkha); Ja.iii.325; Mhvs.6, Mhvs.16; Dhp-a.i.167 (˚rukkha) Pv-a.113.

cp. Epic Sk. vaṭa. A root vaṭ; not connected with this vaṭa is given at Dhtm.106 in meaning …

vāta →

pts

wind. There exists a common distinction of winds into 2 groups: “internal and “external” winds, or the ajjhattikā vāyo-dhātu (wind category), and the bāhirā. They are discussed at Vb.84, quoted a …

vāṭa →

pts

enclosure, enclosed place Vin.ii.154. See also yañña˚.

cp. Class. Sk. vāṭa; on etym. see Walde, Lat. Wtb. s. v. vallus

abbata →

pts

noun adjective

  1. (nt.) that which is not “vata” i.e. moral obligation, breaking of the moral obligation Snp.839 (asīlata +); Mnd.188 (variant reading SS abhabbata; expld. again as a-vat …

abbhuta →

pts

Abbhuta1

adj. nt. terrifying, astonishing; strange, exceptional puzzling, extraordinary, marvellous, supernormal Described as a term of surprise & consternation (vimhay;’ āvahass’ adhivaca …

abhinīta →

pts

past participle led to, brought to, obliged by (-˚) MN.i.463 = Mil.32 (rājā & cora˚); MN.i.282; SN.iii.93; Thag.350 = Thag.435 (vātaroga˚ “foredone with cramping pains” Mrs. Rk. D.); Pp.29; Mil.362. …

abhiroceti →

pts

  1. to like, to find delight in (acc.), to desire, long for Ja.iii.192; Ja.v.222 (roceti); Vv.64#23 (vataṃ abhirocayi = abhirocesi ruccitvā pūresi ti attho; abhirādhayi ti pi pāṭho; sādhesi nipphādesī …

acchariya →

pts

adjective noun wonderful, surprising strange, marvellous DN.ii.155; MN.i.79; MN.iii.118, MN.iii.125, MN.iii.144 (an˚); SN.iv.371; AN.i.181; Mil.28, Mil.253; Dhp-a.iii.171; Pv-a.121; Vv-a.71 (an˚). …

aggaḷa →

pts

…upon the cross-bar; a. = kavāṭa DN-a.i.252); AN.iv.359 (id.) SN.iv.290; AN.i.101 = AN.i.137 = AN.iv.231. (phusit˚; with fastened bolts,…

aggaḷā →

pts

…upon the cross-bar; a. = kavāṭa DN-a.i.252); AN.iv.359 (id.) SN.iv.290; AN.i.101 = AN.i.137 = AN.iv.231. (phusit˚; with fastened bolts,…

agāra →

pts

  1. house or hut, usually implying the comforts of living at home as opp. to anagāra homelessness or the state of a homeless wanderer (mendicant). See anagāriyā
    ■ Thus freq. in two phrases con …

ahi →

pts

snake Vin.ii.109; DN.i.77; SN.iv.198; AN.iii.306 sq.; AN.iv.320; AN.v.289; Mnd.484; Vism.345 (+ kukkura etc.); Vv-a.100; Pv-a.144.

  • -kuṇapa the carcase of a snake Vin.iii.68 …

aho →

pts

indeclinable exclamation of surprise, astonishment or consternation: yea, indeed well; I say! for sure! Vv-a.103 (aho ti acchariy’ atthena nipāto); Ja.i.88 (aho acchariyaṃ aho abbhutaṃ), Ja.i.140. Us …

aja →

pts

he-goat, a ram DN.i.6, DN.i.127; AN.ii.207; Ja.i.241; Ja.iii.278 sq. Ja.v.241; Pp.56; Pv-a.80.

  • -eḷaka [Sk. ajaiḍaka] goats & sheep DN.i.5, DN.i.141; AN.ii.42 sq., AN.ii.209; J …

ajjavatā →

pts

straight forwardness, rectitude, uprightness Dhs.1339. (+ ajimhatā & avankatā).

fr. prec.

akka →

pts

-vāṭa a kind of gate to a plantation, a movable fence made of the akka plant Vin.ii.154 (cp. akkha-vāṭa).

cp….

akkha →

pts

…& surādhutta).;

  • -vāṭa fence round an arena for wrestling Ja.iv.81. (? read akka-).

Vedic akṣa, prob. to akṣi…

anu →

pts

Anu1

indeclinable prep. & pref

A.

As prep. anu is only found occasionally, and here its old (Vedic) function with acc. is superseded by the loc. Traces of …

anubbata →

pts

adjective subject to the will of another, obedient, faithful, devoted Ja.iii.521 Ja.vi.557.

Vedic anuvrata, anu + vata

anubhāva →

pts

orig. meaning “experience, concomitance” and found only in compounds as-˚, in meaning “experiencing the sensation of or belonging to, experience of, accordance with”, e.g. maha˚ sensation of greatnes …

anubhāvatā →

pts

majesty, power SN.i.156 (mahā˚).

= anubhāva + tā

anugghāṭeti →

pts

not to unfasten or open (a door) Mil.371 (kavāṭaṃ).

an + ugghāṭeti

anujīvati →

pts

to live after, i.e. like (acc.), to live for or on, subsist by Ja.iv.271 (= upajīvati, tassânubhāvena jīvitaṃ laddhaṃ (Comm.)
pp anujīvata (q.v.).

anu + jīvati

anussati →

pts

remembrance, recollection, thinking of, mindfulness. A late list of subjects to be kept in mind comprises six anussati-ṭṭhānāni, viz. Buddha˚, Dhamma˚, Saṅgha˚ sīla˚, cāga˚, devatā˚; i.e. prope …

anuvāta →

pts

Anuvāta1

a forward wind, the wind that blows from behind, a favourable wind; -ṃ adv. with the wind, in the direction of the wind (opp. paṭivātaṃ) AN.i.226 (˚paṭiv …

anāvaṭa →

pts

˚- not shut; in -dvāratā (f.) not closing the door againṡt another, accessibility, openhand edness DN.iii.191.

an + āvaṭa

appamāda →

pts

thoughtfulness, carefulness, conscientiousness, watchfulness, vigilance, earnestness, zeal DN.i.13 (: a. vuccati satiyā avippavāso DN-a.i.104); DN.iii.30 DN.iii.104 sq., DN.iii.112, DN.iii.244, DN.ii …

appaṭissavatā →

pts

want of deference Pp.20 = Dhs.1325.

a + paṭissavatā

appossukka →

pts

adjective unconcerned, living at ease, careless, “not bothering”, keeping still, inactive Vin.ii.188; MN.iii.175, MN.iii.176; SN.i.202 (in stock phrase appossukka tuṇhībhūta saṅkasāya “living at eas …

apāruta →

pts

open (of a door) Vin.i.7 = MN.i.169 (apārutā tesaṃ Amatassa dvārā); DN.i.136 (= vivaṭa-dvāra DN-a.i.297); Ja.i.264 (˚dvāra).

Sk. apāvṛta, pp. of apāpurati

ariya →

pts

adjective noun

  1. (racial) Aryan DN.ii.87.
  2. (social) noble, distinguished, of high birth.
  3. (ethical) in accord with the customs and ideals of the Aryan clans, held in esteem by Aryans, gene …

asaṃvata →

pts

adjective unrestricted, open Ja.vi.306.

pp. of + saṃvuṇati, cp. saṃvuta

asaṃvuta →

pts

adjective not restrained Dhs.1345, Dhs.1347.

pp. of a + saṃvuṇāti, cp. saṃvata

assatara →

pts

mule Dhp.322; Dhp-a.i.213; Dhp-a.iv.4 (= vaḷavāya gadrabhena jāta); Ja.iv.464 (kambojake assatare sudante; imported from cambodia); Ja.vi.342
■ f. assatarī a she-mule Vin.ii.188; SN.i.154; SN.i …

ativāta →

pts

too much wind, a wind which is too strong, a gale, storm Mil.277.

ati + vāta

attha →

pts

Attha1

(also aṭṭha, esp. in combinations mentioned under 3) masculine & neuter

  1. interest, advantage, gain; (moral) good blessing, welfare; profit, prosperity, well-b …

ava →

pts

Ava˚

prefix

I. Relation between ava & o

Phonetically the difference between ava & o is this, that; ava is the older form, whereas o represents a later development. Histor …

avatata →

pts

Avatata & otata

stretched over, covered, spread over with Vv.64#3 (-˚); Vv-a.276 (chādita).

ava + tata, pp. of tan

avataṃsa →

pts

see vataṃsaka.

avaṭaṃsaka →

pts

(= vaṭ˚) see Vin Texts ii.347.

avyāvaṭa →

pts

adjective not occupied, i.e. careless, neglectful, not worrying Vin.iii.136; Cnd.72 (abyāvaṭa for appossukka Snp.43); Ja.iii.65; Ja.vi.188. Mil.177 (abyā˚).

a + vyāvaṭa = Sk vyāpṛta

avāvaṭa →

pts

adjective unobstructed, unhindered, free. Of a woman, not married Ja.v.213 (= apetâvaraṇā, which read for ˚bharaṇā, apariggahitā C.).

a + vāvaṭa

aḍḍha →

pts

Aḍḍha1

(& addha) one half, half; usually in compn. (see below), like diyaḍḍha 1 1/2 (˚sata 150) Pv-a.155 (see as to meaning Stede, Peta Vatthu p. 107). Note. aḍḍha is nev …

aṅga →

pts

  1. (lit.) a constituent part of the body, a limb, member; also of objects: part, member (see cpd. ˚sambhāra); uttam˚aṅga the reproductive organ Ja.v.197; also as “head” at Thag-a.209. Usually in cp …

balavant →

pts

adjective strong, powerful, sturdy MN.i.244 (purisa) SN.i.222; Ja.ii.406; Dhp-a.ii.208; Vv-a.35; Pv-a.94. Comparative balavatara Mil.131; f. -a(n)tarī Sdhp.452. In compound balava˚; e.g. *- …

balavatā →

pts

strength, force (see [in military sense](/define/in military sense)) Ja.ii.369 (ārakkhassa b.); Mil.101 (kusalassa & akusalassa kammassa b.).

abstr. fr. balavant; cp. Epic Sk. balavattā

bali →

pts

  1. religious offering, oblation DN.ii.74 (dhammika); AN.iv.17, AN.iv.19; Snp.223; Mhvs.36, Mhvs.88 (particularly to subordinate divinities, cp. Mvu. translation 263) Dhp-a.ii.14 (variant reading ˚k …

bhakkhati →

pts

to eat, to feed upon Pv.ii.2#5 (pubba-lohitaṃ); Dhp-a.ii.57 (vātaṃ).
inf bhakkhituṃ Ja.ii.14
caus bhakkheti in same meaning Ja.iv.349 (aor. bhakkhesuṃ); cp. BSk. bhakṣay …

bharita →

pts

adjective filled with (-˚) Ja.i.2 (suvaṇṇa-rajata˚ gabbha); Ja.iv.489 (udaka˚); Ja.v.275 (kimi˚); Snp-a.494 (vāta˚); Thag-a.283 (kuṇapa˚).

lit. made to bear, i.e. heavy with etc. Cp. formations b …

bhastā →

pts

bhasta (nt.)

  1. a bellows Thag.1134; Ja.vi.12 (vāta-puṇṇa-bhasta-camma, skin of bellows full of wind); Snp-a.171 (vāta-pūrita-bhastrā viya), Snp-a.494 (vātabharita˚); Dhp- …

bhavant →

pts

pronoun of polite address “Sir, Lord, or “venerable, honourable,” or simply “you.” Cases as follows (after Geiger,

Pali Grammar

§ 98#3): sg. nom. bhavaṃ Snp.486; DN.i.249; MN.i.484. nt. bhavaṃ

bhisikā →

pts

small bolster Vin.ii.148 (vātapāna˚ a roll to keep out draughts); Kp-a.50 (tāpasa˚ variant reading Kk kapala-bhitti, see Appendix to Indexes on Sutta Nipāta & Pj.).

fr. bhisi1

bhumma →

pts

adjective noun

  1. belonging to the earth, earthly, terrestrial; nt. soil, ground, floor Snp.222 (bhūtāni bhummāni earthly creatures contrasted with creatures in the air, antalikkhe), Snp.236 (id.); S …

bhāgyavant →

pts

adjective having good luck, auspicious fortunate, in def. of term “Bhagavā” at DN-a.i.34 = Vism.210; also at Vv-a.231, where the abstr. bhāgyavantatā is formed as expln of the term *bhā …

bhāsa →

pts

  • -sakuṇa a bird of prey, a vulture [Abhp. 645, 1049]; as one of the lucky omens enumerated (under the so-called mangala-kathā) at Kp-a.118 (with variant reading SS. cāta˚ & vā …

brahma →

pts

Brahma & Brahmā

I. Brahman

neuter [cp. Vedic bráhman nt. prayer; nom. sg bráhma]

  1. the supreme good; as a buddhistic term used in a sense different from the brahmanic (save in controvers …

brahmā →

pts

Brahma & Brahmā

I. Brahman

neuter [cp. Vedic bráhman nt. prayer; nom. sg bráhma]

  1. the supreme good; as a buddhistic term used in a sense different from the brahmanic (save in controvers …

brāhmaṇa →

pts

…show Ja.i.318 Ja.iv.391

  • -vāṭaka circle of brahmins Dhp-a.iv.177 (variant reading ˚vādaka)
  • -vāṇija a brahmin merchant Pv-a.113 *…

buddha →

pts

Buddha1

adjective

  1. understood SN.i.35 = SN.i.60 (su-dub-buddha very difficult to understand)
  2. having attained enlightenment, wise AN.iv.449; Pv-a.16 (buddh’ ādayo), Pv-a.60 (= ari …

byappatha →

pts

busy, active. Thus Kern, but the translation is not satisfactory. It occurs only at 2 passages; Vin.iv.2 where combined with vācā, girā, vacībheda, and meaning “mode of speech,” and at Snp.961, where …

byāvaṭa →

pts

covered, adorned with Vv-a.213 (rūpakāya byāvaṭa jana; variant reading byāgata).

the meaning (wrongly given as “adorned”) is to be deleted. The reading at Vv-a.213 is doubtful. It may be kāyavyāvaṭ …

ca →

pts

(indef. enclitic particle)

  1. Indefinite (after demonstr. pron. in the sense of kiṃ = what about? or how is it? cp. kiṃ) = ever, whoever what-ever, etc. [Sk. kaśca, Gr. ὁς τε, Lat: quisque Goth. h …

calati →

pts

to move, stir, be agitated, tremble, be confused, waver SN.i.107; Snp.752; Ja.i.303 (kileso cali), Ja.iii.188 (macchā c.) Mil.260
ppr med. calamāna Ja.iv.331
■ Esp. freq. in expression kammaja-vā …

canda →

pts

the moon (i.e. the shiner) SN.i.196; SN.ii.206; MN.ii.104; AN.i.227 AN.ii.139 sq.; AN.iii.34; Dhp.413; Snp.465, Snp.569, Snp.1016; Ja.iii.52 Ja.vi.232; Pv.i.12#7; Pv.ii.6#6; Vv.64#7 (maṇi˚ a shiny jew …

catur →

pts

…(Bdhgh); Ja.iv.46 (āvāṭa), Ja.iv.492 (sālā); Ja.v.49; Pv.ii.1#19. Cp. caturaṃsa & next; -(r)assara (see last) with 4 sharp sides…

chada →

pts

anything that covers, protects or hides, viz. a cover, an awning DN.i.7≈ (sa-uttara˚ but ˚chadana at DN.ii.194)
■ a veil in phrase vivaṭacchada “with the veil lifted” thus …

ciṅgulaka →

pts

(& ˚ika) masculine neuter

  1. a kind of plant Snp.239 (= kaṇavīra-pupphasaṇṭhāna-sīsa Snp-a.283).
  2. a toy windmill, made of palm-leaves, etc. (DN-a.i.86: tālapaṇṇādīhi kataṃ vātappahārena paribb …

deva →

pts

god, a divine being; usually in pl. devā the gods. As title attributed to any superhuman being or beings regarded to be in certain respects above the human level. Thus primarily (see 1a) …

devata →

pts

adjective (-˚) having such & such a god as one’s special divinity, worshipping, a worshipper of, devotee of Mil.234 (Brahma˚ + Brahma (garuka)
■ f.; devatā in pati “worshipping …

devatta →

pts

the state of being a deva, divinity Thag-a.70; Pv-a.110 (˚bhāva as Yakkha, opp. petatta bhāva; so read for devatā-bhāva).

deva + tta

devatā →

pts

“condition or state of a deva, divinity; divine being, deity, fairy. The term comprises all beings which are otherwise styled devas, & a list of them given at Cnd.308 & based on the principle that any …

dhamma →

pts

Dhamma1

masculine & rarely neuter constitution etc.

A. Definitions by Commentators

Bdhgh gives a fourfold meaning of the word dhamma (at DN-a.i.99; Dhp-a.i.22), viz. 1 guṇe ( …

dhorayha →

pts

“Carrying a yoke” a beast of burden SN.i.28; DN.iii.113 (purisa˚); AN.i.162.

  • -vata (nt.) the practice of carrying a burden, the state of a beast of burden, drudgery SN.i.28;
  • *\ …

dhura →

pts

  1. a yoke, a pole, the shaft of a carriage Ja.i.192 (purima-sakaṭa˚) Ja.i.196; Cp.ii.8, Cp.ii.4.
  2. (fig.) a burden, load, charge, office, responsibility Snp.256 (vahanto porisaṃ dh ˚ṃ “carrying a hu …

dhuta →

pts

(& Dhūta)

  1. shaken, moved Dāvs v.49 (vāta˚).
  2. lit. “shaken off,” but always explained in the commentaries as “one who shakes off” either cvil dispositions (kilese), or obstacles to spiritual pro …

dhātuka →

pts

…(vāmanaka˚ deformed), Ja.iv.391 (muddhā˚), Ja.v.197 (āvāṭa˚); Dhp-a.i.89 (anattamana˚).

divya →

pts

adjective divine Snp.153 (cp. Snp-a.219 under divi˚), Snp.524 (+ mānusaka); Ja.vi.172
■ (nt.) the divinity a divine being (= devatā) Ja.vi.150; Snp-a.219.

Sk. divya; the verse-form for the pros …

divā →

pts

adverb by day SN.i.183; MN.i.125; Dhp.387; DN-a.i.251; Pv-a.43, Pv-a.142, Pv-a.206 (= divasa-bhāge) Often combined & contrasted with rattiṃ (or ratto) by night; e.g. divārattiṃ by day & by ni …

dosinā →

pts

clear night, moonlight; only in phrase ramaṇīyā vata bho dosinā ratti “lovely is the moonlight night” DN.i.47≈ Ja.i.509; Ja.v.262; Mil.5, Mil.19 etc. Explained in popular fashion by Bdhgh. as “dosâp …

dvāra →

pts

…a door post Ja.i.63; Ja.ii.334; Ja.vi.444; Pv-a.280…

dāruṇa →

pts

adjective strong, firm, severe harsh, cruel, pitiless SN.i.101; SN.ii.226; Snp.244; Dhp.139; Ja.iii.34; Pv.iv.3#6 (= ghora Pv-a.251); Mil.117 (vāta) Pv-a.24, Pv-a.52 (= ghora), Pv-a.159 (sapatha a …

eraka →

pts

Eraka1

adjective driving away, moving Ja.iv.20 (˚vāta); -vattika a certain kind of torture MN.i.87 = AN.i.47 = AN.ii.122 = Cnd.604 = Mil.197.

fr. ereti

Eraka2

neuter Typha …

ettāvatā →

pts

adverb so far, to that extent, even by this much DN.i.205, DN.i.207; SN.ii.17; Snp.478; Vv.55#6 (cp. Vv-a.248); Pv.iv.1#67 Mil.14; DN-a.i.80; Snp-a.4; Pv-a.243.

fr. etta = ettaka, cp. kittāvatā: kittaka

gala →

pts

…the throat Pv-a.283.

  • -vāṭaka the bottom (?) of the throat (oesophagus?) Vism.185, Vism.258.

Note.-…

go →

pts

, f.) a cow, an ox, bull, pl. cattle. For f. cp gāvī; see also *gava*˚ for cpds
■ Sg. nom. go (Snp.580 also in composition, cp. aja-go-mahisādi Pv-a.80 = pasū) gen. gavassa (MN.i. …

gāravatā →

pts

reverence, respect, in Satthu˚, Dhamma˚, etc. AN.iii.330 sq., AN.iii.423 sq.; AN.iv.29 (ottappa˚).

Der. fr. gārava

hemavataka →

pts

adjective belonging to, living in the Himālaya Ja.i.506; Ja.iv.374, Ja.iv.437; -vatika id. Dpvs.v.54. Herannika (& aka);

fr. himavant

heṭṭhā →

pts

indeclinable down, below, underneath Vin.i.15; DN.i.198; Iti.114; Ja.i.71; Vv-a.78; Pv-a.113. As prep. with gen (abl.) or cpd. “under” Ja.i.176; Ja.ii.103; lower in the manuscript, i.e. before, abov …

hima →

pts

adjective noun cold frosty Dhs-a.317
■ (nt.) ice, snow Ja.iii.55.

  • -pāta-samaya the season of snow-fall Vin.i.31, Vin.i.288; MN.i.79; Ja.i.390; Mil.396.
  • -vāta a snow or …

isi →

pts

  1. a holy man, one gifted with special powers of insight & inspiration, an anchoret, a Seer, Sage, Saint, “Master” DN.i.96 (kaṇho isi ahosi); SN.i.33, SN.i.35, SN.i.65, SN.i.128, SN.i.191, SN.i.192 SN …

iti →

pts

Iti (ti)

indeclinable emphatic deictic particle “thus”. Occurs in both forms iti & ti, the former in higher style (poetry), the latter more familiar in conversational prose. The function of “iti” is …

jarā →

pts

(older); jaras (nt.) decay, decrepitude, old age Vin.i.10, Vin.i.34; AN.i.51, AN.i.138 (as death’s messenger); AN.v.144 sq. (bhabbo jaraṃ pahātuṃ); Snp.311 (cp. DN.iii.75); Ja.i.59; Thig.252 sq.; Vi …

jānāti →

pts

to know.

I. Forms

The 2 Vedic roots jān˚ & jñā˚; are represented in Pali by jān˚ & ñā˚ (ña˚)

  1. jān:
    pres jānāti
    pot jāneyya (Snp.781) & jaññā (AN.iv.366 …

kali →

pts

  1. the unlucky die (see akkha); “the dice were seeds of a tree called the vibhītaka… An extra seed was called the kali” (Dial. ii.368 n. DN.ii.349; Ja.i.380; Dhp.252 (= Dhp-a.iii …

kamma →

pts

the doing, deed, work orig. meaning (see karoti) either building (cp. Lit kùrti, Opr. kūra to build) or weaving, plaiting (still in mālākamma and latā˚ “the intertwining of garland …

kavāṭa →

pts

…Vin.ii.208
akavāṭaka (adj.) having no doors, doorless Vin.ii.148, Vin.ii.154 (variant reading for akkavāta Text).

*…

kavāṭaka →

pts

Err:501

kañcana →

pts

gold AN.iii.346 Thag.691 (muttaṃ selā va k.); Thig.266 (k˚ ssa phalakaṃ va); Vv-a.4, Vv-a.9 (= jātarūpa). Esp. freq. in compounds = of or like gold.

kaṇṭaki →

pts

(f.) in cpd. -vāṭa a thorny fence (cactus hedge?) Vin.ii.154.

khallāta →

pts

bald, in -sīsa a bald head Dhp-a.i.309. Der. khallātiya baldness, in khallātiyapetī the bald-headed Petī Pv-a.46 (where spelled khalātiya) and Pv-a.67.

Sk. khalvāta, cp. khalita

khandha →

pts

I. Crude meaning

bulk, massiveness (gross) substance.

  1. Esp. used
    1. of an elephant: the bulk of the body, i.e. its back SN.i.95 vāraṇassa Ja.iii.392; hatthi-khandha-vara-gata on th …

khema →

pts

  1. (adj.) full of peace, safe; tranquil, calm DN.i.73 (of a country) SN.i.123 (of the path leading to the ambrosial, i.e. Nibbāna), SN.i.189 = Snp.454 (of vācā nibbānapattiyā); MN.i.227 (vivaṭaṃ amata …

khitta →

pts

thrown; cast, overthrown Dhp.34; rajo paṭivātaṃ kh˚, dirt thrown against the wind SN.i.13, SN.i.164 = Snp.662 = Dhp.125; Ja.iii.203; ratti-khittā sarā arrows shot in the night Dhp.304 = Ne.11; acchi …

kiccha →

pts

  1. (adj.)
    1. distressed, in difficulty, poor, miserable, painful: kicchā vatâyaṃ idha vutti yaṃ jano passati kibbisakārī (miserable is the life of one who does wrong) Snp.676 = parihīnattha, in pov …

kittāvatā →

pts

adverb to what extent? how far? in what respect? K˚ nu kho mahāpurisa hoti “in what respect is a man a great man?” Cnd.502 B; k˚ nu kho paññavā ti vuccati? MN.i.292. Kitti & Kitti

kukkura →

pts

dog. usually of a fierce character, a hound AN.iii.389 AN.v.271; Ja.i.175 sq.; Ja.i.189; Pv.iii.7#9; Sdhp.90. In similes SN.iv.198; MN.i.364; AN.iv.377
■ f. kukkurinī Mil.67.

  • *-[vatika](/defin …

kāma →

pts

to desire.

  1. Objective: pleasantness, pleasure-giving, an object of sensual enjoyment.
  2. Subjective: (a) enjoyment, pleasure on occasion of sense, (b) sense-desire.

Buddhist commentators exp …

kāmin →

pts

adjective

  1. having kāma, i.e. enjoying pleasure, gratifying one’s own desires in kāma-kāmin realizing all wishes; attr. of beings in one of the Sugatis the blissful states, of Yakkhas, Devas or D …

lakkhañña →

pts

adjective connected with auspices, auspicious, in phrase “lakkhaññā vata bho dosinā ratti” (how grand a sign friends, is the moonlight night! translation) DN.i.47 = Ja.i.509 (explained at DN-a.i.141 …

loka →

pts

world, primarily “visible world,” then in general as “space or sphere of creation, with var. degrees of substantiality. Often (unspecified in the comprehensive sense of “universe.” Sometimes the term …

lābha →

pts

receiving, getting, acquisition, gain, possession; pl. possessions DN.i.8; DN.ii.58, DN.ii.61; MN.i.508 (ārogya-paramā lābhā); MN.iii.39; AN.i.74; AN.iv.157 sq., AN.iv.160 (lābhena abhibhūto pariyādi …

maddavatā →

pts

gentleness, softness, suavity Dhs.44, Dhs.1340; Dhs-a.151.

abstr. fr. maddava

mahant →

pts

adjective great, extensive, big important, venerable
■ nom. mahā Snp.1008; Mhvs.22, Mhvs.27. Shortened to maha in cpd. pitāmaha (following a …

mala →

pts

anything impure, stain (lit. & fig.), dirt. In the Canon mostly fig. of impurities. On mala in similes see J.P.T.S., 1907, 122
■ SN.i.38 (itthi malaṃ brahmacariyassa), SN.i.43 (id.); AN.i.105 (issā˚ …

manaṃ →

pts

adverb “by a certain weight,” i.e. a little, somewhat, almost, well-nigh, nearly. combined with vata in exclamation: MN.ii.123 (m. v. bho anassāma); Dhp-a.iii.147 (m. v. therī nāsi …

maṇḍala →

pts

  1. circle DN.i.134 (paṭhavi˚, cp. puthavi˚ Snp.990); Vism.143 (˚ṃ karoti to draw a circle, in simile), Vism.174 (tipu˚ & rajata˚ lead- & silver circle, in kasiṇa practice); Vv-a.147 (of a fan = tāla …

muditā →

pts

soft-heartedness, kindliness sympathy. Often in triad mettā (“active love” Snp-a.128), karuṇā (“preventive love,” ibid.), muditā (“disinter …

mudutā →

pts

softness, impressibility, plasticity AN.i.9; DN.iii.153 (translation “loveliness”); Dhs.44 (+ maddavatā), Dhs.1340 (id.); Vism.463 sq.; Dhs-a.151 (= mudubhāva) cp. Dhs. trsl. §1340.

cp. Sk. mṛdut …

mātar →

pts

mother
Cases: nom. sg mātā Snp.296; Dhp.43; Ja.iv.463; Ja.v.83; Ja.vi.117; Cnd.504 (def. as janikā); gen. mātu Thag.473; Vin.i.17; Ja.i.52 mātuyā Ja.i.53; Mhvs.10, Mhvs.80; Pv-a.31; and * …

naraka →

pts

…Thag.869; Ja.iv.268 (˚āvāṭa Pv-a.225). 2. a name for Niraya, i.e. purgatory; a place of torment for the deceased (see…

nibbuta →

pts

adjective (lit.) extinguished (of fire), cooled, quenched (fig. desireless (often with nicchāta & sītibhūta), appeased pleased, happy

  1. (lit.) aggi anāhāro n. MN.i.487; Snp.19 (ginī n. = magga-sali …

nibbāna →

pts

I. Etymology

Although nir + “to blow”. (cp. BSk. nirvāṇa) is already in use in the Vedic period (see nibbāpeti), we do not find its distinctive ap …

nijjīvata →

pts

adjective lifeless, soulless Dhs-a.38; Mil.413.

Sk. nirjīvita, nis + jīva1

nimināti →

pts

to turn round, change to barter, exchange for (c. instr.): pres. imper. niminā Ja.v.343 (= parivattehi Com.); pres. 1st pl. nimimhase Ja.ii.369, pot. nimineyya Ja.iii.63; fut. nimissati Ja.v.2 …

nirīha →

pts

Nirīha(ka)

adjective inactive, motionless, without impulse Thag-a.148 (˚ka); Mil.413 (+ nijjīvata); Vism.484, Vism.594 sq.

nis + īha

nirīhaka →

pts

Nirīha(ka)

adjective inactive, motionless, without impulse Thag-a.148 (˚ka); Mil.413 (+ nijjīvata); Vism.484, Vism.594 sq.

nis + īha

nivārita →

pts

adjective unobstructed, open Pv-a.202 (= anāvaṭa).

pp. of nivāreti

nivāta →

pts

Nivāta1

adjective with the wind gone down, i.e. without wind, sheltered from the wind, protected, safe, secure Vin.i.57, Vin.i.72; MN.i.76; AN.i.137 (kūṭāgāra); AN.i.101 (id.); Iti.92 (rah …

nivātaka →

pts

sheltered place, a place of escape, opportunity (for hiding) Ja.i.289 = Ja.v.435; cp. Mil.205 (where reading is nimantaka, with variant reading nivātaka, see note on p. 426). See Com. on this stanza a …

nāga →

pts

  1. a serpent or Nāga demon, playing a prominent part in Buddh. fairy-tales, gifted with miraculous powers & great strength. They often act as fairies are classed with other divinities (see *[devatā]( …

nāsā →

pts

  1. the nose, Snp.198, Snp.608.
  2. the trunk (of an elephant) Ja.v.297 (nāga˚-uru); Sdhp.153.
  • -puṭa “nose-cup”; the outside of the nose, the nostril Ja.vi.74; Vism.195 (nāsa˚), …

okāsa FIXME double →

pts

Okāsa

  1. lit. “visibility”, (visible) space as geometrical term, open space, atmosphere, air as space DN.i.34 (ananto okāso); Vism.184 (with disā pariccheda), Vism.243 (id.); Pv-a.14 (okāsaṃ pharitvā …

olubbha →

pts

…SN.iii.129; Ja.i.265 (āvāṭa-mukha-vaṭṭiyaṃ); Ja.vi.40 (hatthe); Dhp-a.ii.57 (passaṃ; gloss olambi) Vv-a.217,…

otallaka →

pts

adjective clothed in rags, poor indigent Ja.iv.380 (= lāmaka olamba-vilamba-nantakadharo C.).

of uncertain etym. perhaps *avatāryaka from ava + tṛ; or from uttāḷa?

otata FIXME double →

pts

Otata

stretched over, covered, spread over with; Dhp.162 (variant reading otthata); Mil.307 (+ vitata) Dhp-a.iii.153 (= pariyonandhitvā ṭhita). See also avatata & sam-otata.

o + tata, pp. of tan

otata →

pts

Avatata & otata

stretched over, covered, spread over with Vv.64#3 (-˚); Vv-a.276 (chādita).

ava + tata, pp. of tan

otiṇṇa FIXME double →

pts

Otiṇṇa

  1. (med.) gone down, descended Pv-a.104 (uddho-galaṃ na otiṇṇaṃ not gone down further than the throat).
  2. (pass.) beset by (cp. avatāra 2), affected with, a victim of, approached by MN.i.460 …

ottappa →

pts

fear of exile, shrinking back from doing wrong, remorse. See on term and its distinction from hiri (shame) Dhs trsl. 20, also Dhs-a.124, Dhs-a.126; Vism.8, Vism.9 and the definition at Snp-a.181 …

otāra →

pts

  1. descent to, i.e. approach to, access, fig. chance, opportunity otāraṃ labhati. Only in the Māra myth. He, the tempter, ʻgets his chance’ to tempt the Buddha or the disciples, MN.i.334; SN.i.122; …

ovaṭa →

pts

obstructed, prevented Vin.ii.255 = Vin.iv.52; AN.iv.277 (variant reading ovāda); also an˚; ibid.

o + vaṭa, pp. of vṛ; another form of ovuta = ophuta, q.v.

pabba →

pts

  1. a knot (of a stalk), joint, section Vin.iv.35; MN.i.80; Ja.i.245 (veḷu˚); Vism.358 (id.; but nāḷika p. 260); Vb-a.63 (id.); Thag.243-angula˚ finger joint Vin.iv.262, MN.i.187; DN-a.i.285-pabba\ …

pabbata →

pts

  1. a mountain (-range), hill, rock SN.i.101 SN.i.102, SN.i.127, SN.i.137; SN.ii.32, SN.ii.185, SN.ii.190; AN.i.243; AN.ii.140; AN.iv.102 (dhūpāyati); Snp.413, Snp.417, Snp.543, Snp.958, Snp.1014; Mnd …

paccuttarati →

pts

to go out again, to withdraw SN.i.8; AN.iii.190. Cp. paccupadissati.

paṭi + uttarati, but cp. BSk. pratyavatarati to disembark Divy.229

pageva →

pts

adverb (how) much more or much less, a fortiori, lit. “right at the earliest” Ja.i.354; Ja.v.242; Mil.91; Vism.93, Vism.259, Vism.322; Vv-a.258, Pv-a.115, Pv-a.116, Pv-a.117
■ Compar. *pagevatar …

pamaddati →

pts

to crush down, destroy, overcome, defeat; pp. pamaddita Ja.vi.189 (mālutena p. corresponding with vāta-pahaṭa).

pa + mṛd

pamādavatā →

pts

remissness AN.i.139.

abstr. fr. pamāda + vant, adj.

pantha →

pts

to come or go (by) a road, roadway, path SN.i.18 (gen. pl. panthānaṃ kantāramagga C; “jungle road” trsl.); Snp.121 (loc panthasmiṃ); Cnd.485 B (+ patha in expln of magga) Mil.157 (see pant …

parikantati →

pts

Parikantati1

to wind round, twist Ja.iii.185 (pāso pādaṃ p.; but taken by C. as parikantati2 explained as “cammādīni chindanto samantā kantati”).

pari + kantati1

P …

parimaṇḍala →

pts

…Ja.i.441; Ja.ii.406 (āvāṭa); Ja.vi.42; Pv.iv.3#28 (guḷa˚); Dhs.617 (explained at Dhs-a.317 as “egg-shaped,”…

parinibbāti →

pts

Parinibbāyati & ˚nibbāti

  1. to be completed, perfected in any work or art, e.g. of a trained horse MN.i.446. Cp. τελειόω.
  2. to die without being reborn to reach complete extinction of existence Vin.i …

parinibbāyati →

pts

Parinibbāyati & ˚nibbāti

  1. to be completed, perfected in any work or art, e.g. of a trained horse MN.i.446. Cp. τελειόω.
  2. to die without being reborn to reach complete extinction of existence Vin.i …

parivāta →

pts

(-˚) blown round or through, i.e. filled with, stirred by Mil.19 (isi-vāta˚).

pp. of pari +

pati →

pts

Pati1

lord, master, owner, leader.

  1. in general DN.iii.93 (khettānaṃ p. gloss adhipati). Mostly-˚; see under gavam˚, gaha˚, dāna˚, yūtha˚, senā˚.
  2. husband SN.i.210; Snp.314; Ja.iii.13 …

patibbatā →

pts

devoted wife (cp. patidevatā) Ja.ii.121; Ja.vi.533; Vv-a.56, Vv-a.110.

pati + vatā

pavāta →

pts

draught of air, breeze Vin.ii.79 (opp. nivāta).

pa + vāta, cp. Vedic pravāta

paṇāmeti →

pts

…to or over, to shut, in kavāṭaṃ p. to shut the door Vin.i.87; Vin.ii.114, Vin.ii.207; pattaṃ Vin.ii.216. 3. to make go away, to turn…

paṭi →

pts

indeclinable directional prefix in well-defined meaning of “back (to), against towards, in opposition to, opposite.” As preposition (with acc. and usually postponed) towards, near by, at usually …

paṭissavatā →

pts

obedience; neg. appaṭissavatā want of deference Dhs.1325 = Pp.20. Patissa & Patissa

abstr. fr. paṭissava

paṭissuṇāti →

pts

to assent, promise, agree aor. paccassosi Vin.i.73; DN.i.236; SN.i.147, SN.i.155; Snp.p.50, and paṭisuṇi Snp-a.314; ger. -suṇitvā freq. in formula “sādhū ti patissuṇitvā” asserting his agreement, …

paṭivātaṃ →

pts

adverb against the wind (opp. anuvātaṃ) Vin.ii.218; SN.i.13; Snp.622; Dhp.54, Dhp.125; Pv-a.116; Sdhp.425.

paṭi + vātaṃ, acc. cp. Sk. prativāta & prativātaṃ

phasseti →

pts

to touch, attain Ja.v.251 (rājā dhammaṃ phassayaṃ = C. phassayanto; vv.ll. pa˚ phu˚); Mil.338 (amataṃ, cp. phusati), Mil.340 (phassayeyya Pot.)
pass phassīyati Vin.ii.148 (kavāṭā na ph.; variant r …

phoṭeti →

pts

to shake, toss (or thunder?) only at two places in similar formula, viz. devatā sādhukāraṃ adaṃsu, brahmāno apphoṭesuṃ (variant reading appoṭh˚) Mil.13 Mil.18; Sakko devarājā appoṭhesi (variant readin …

pihita →

pts

covered, closed, shut, obstructed (opp. vivaṭa) MN.i.118; MN.iii.61; SN.i.40; AN.ii.104; Mnd.149; Ja.i.266; Mil.102 (dvāra), Mil.161; Vism.185; DN-a.i.182 (˚dvāra).

pp. of pidahati

pitta →

pts

  1. the bile, gall; the bile also as seat of the bilious temperament, excitement or anger. Two kinds are distinguished at Kp-a.60 Vism.260, viz. baddha˚ & abaddha˚;, bile as organ bile as fluid. See …

piṭṭha →

pts

…(of a door) Vin.i.47 (kavāṭa˚); Vin.ii.120 (˚sanghāṭa, cp. Vin Texts iii.105), Vin.ii.148, Vin.ii.207.

identical in form with…

pubba →

pts

Pubba1

pus, matter, corruption MN.i.57; MN.iii.90; SN.i.150; SN.ii.157; AN.i.34; Ja.ii.18; Mil.382; Pv-a.80
■ In detail discussed (as one of the 32 ākāras) at Vism.261, Vism.360; Kp- …

pākata →

pts

adjective

  1. common, vulgar, uncontrolled in phrase pākat-indriya of uncontrolled mind SN.i.61 (= saṃvarâbhāvena gihikāle viya vivaṭa-indriya K.S. 320), SN.i.204; SN.iii.93; SN.v.269; AN.i.70, …

pākatika →

pts

adjective natural, in its original or natural state Ja.v.274; Mil.218 (maṇiratana); Dhp-a.i.20; Vv-a.288; Pv-a.66 (where id. p Ja.iii.167 reads paṭipākatika), Pv-a.206; pākatikaṃ karoti to resto …

pārevata →

pts

  1. a dove, pigeon AN.i.162 (dove-coloured); Vv.36#3 (˚akkhi pārāpat’ akkhi Vv-a.167); Ja.vi.456.
  2. a species of tree, Diospyros embryopteris Ja.vi.529, Ja.vi.539.

the Prk. form (cp. Māgadhi pāreva …

pārāpata →

pts

dove, pigeon Ja.i.242; Ja.v.215; Vv-a.167 (˚akkhi); Pgdp.45. See the doublet pārevata.

Epic Sk. pārāvata

rajja →

pts

kingship, royalty, kingdom, empire; reign, throne; (fig.) sovereignty AN.iii.300 (˚ṃ kāreti); Snp.114, Snp.553 (˚ṃ kāreti to reign); Ja.i.57; Ja.i.64 (ekarattena tīṇi rajjāni atikkamma; 3 kingdoms), J …

rajo →

pts

(rajas) & Raja neuter

  1. Forms.
    ■ Both rajo & rajaṃ occur as noun & acc. sg., e.g. rajo at DN.ii.19; Snp.207, Snp.334; Dhs.617; rajaṃ at Snp.275; Iti.83; once (in verse) *[rajo](/define/rajo …

re →

pts

indeclinable a part. of exclamation, mostly implying contempt, or deprecation (DN-a.i.276) “hīḷanavasena āmantanaṃ” i.e. address of disdain: heigh, go on, get away, hallo
■ DN.i.96, DN.i.107; Ja.ii …

roga →

pts

illness, disease
■ The defn of roga at Ja.ii.437 is “roga rujana-sabhāvattaṃ.” There are many diff enumerations of rogas and sets of standard combinations, of which the foll. may be ment …

rukkha →

pts

tree. In the rukkha-mūlik’ anga (see below) Bdhgh at Vism.74 gives a list of trees which are not to be selected for the practice of “living at the root of a tree.” These are sīmantarika-rukkha, ceti …

rūpaka →

pts

form, figure; likeness of, image (-˚); representation Vin.ii.113 (rūpak’ okiṇṇāni pattāni of painted bowls); Thig.394 (see *ruppa*˚); Dhp-a.i.370 (maṇi˚ jewelled image); Dhp-a.ii.6 …

sa →

pts

Sa1

the letter s (sa-kāra) Snp-a.23; or the syllable sa Dhp-a.ii.6; Pv-a.280.

Sa2

base of the nom. of the demonstr. pron. that, he she. The form sg. m. * …

sagāravatā →

pts

respect Thag.589.

fr. sagārava

sahita →

pts

  1. accompanied with Mhvs.7, Mhvs.27.
  2. united, keeping together DN.i.4; Ja.iv.347; Pp.57.
  3. consistent, sensible, to the point DN.i.8; AN.ii.138; AN.iv.196; SN.iii.12; Dhp.19 (at Dhp-a.i.157 explai …

salākā →

pts

  1. an arrow, a dart AN.iv.107 (T. has it as nt.).
  2. a small stick, peg, thin bar SN.iv.168; Dāvs iv.51.
  3. blade of a grass MN.i.79; Ja.i.439.
  4. ribs of a parasol Vin.iv.338; Snp-a.487; Mil.226.

samudāvaṭa →

pts

restrained Dhs-a.75.

saṃ + ud + āvaṭa? Better read as saṃ + udāvatta

santharaṇaka →

pts

adjective spreading, strewing; ˚vāta a wind which strews things about Snp-a.67.

fr. santharati

satthaka →

pts

Satthaka1

neuter a knife, scissors Vin.ii.115 (daṇḍa˚, with a handle); Ja.v.254 (as one of the 8 parikkhāras); Mil.282. aya˚; at Ja.v.338 read -paṭṭaka.

  • *-[nisādana](/define/nisād …

saṅkhāra →

pts

one of the most difficult terms in Buddhist metaphysics, in which the blending of the subjective-objective view of the world and of happening peculiar to the East, is so complete, that it is almost i …

sikhā →

pts

point, edge MN.i.104; crest, topknot DN-a.i.89; Ja.v.406; of a flame Dhp.308; Dhs-a.124 of fire (aggi˚) Snp.703; Ja.v.213; (dhūma˚) Ja.vi.206; of a ray of light Ja.i.88; in the corn trade, the pyram …

siri →

pts

Sirī (siri)

feminine

  1. splendour, beauty Snp.686 (instr. siriyā); Ja.vi.318 (siriṃ dhāreti).
  2. luck, glory majesty, prosperity SN.i.44 (nom. siri); Ja.ii.410 (siriṃ) Ja.ii.466; DN-a.i.148; Vv-a. …

sirī →

pts

Sirī (siri)

feminine

  1. splendour, beauty Snp.686 (instr. siriyā); Ja.vi.318 (siriṃ dhāreti).
  2. luck, glory majesty, prosperity SN.i.44 (nom. siri); Ja.ii.410 (siriṃ) Ja.ii.466; DN-a.i.148; Vv-a. …

siñcanaka →

pts

adjective sprinkling (water) Snp-a.66 (vāta).

fr. siñcati

svātana →

pts

relating to the morrow; dat. ˚-nāya for the following day Vin.i.27; DN.i.125; Ja.i.11; Dhp-a.i.314; Dhp-a.iv.12.

cp. Sk. śvastana; Geiger, P.Gr. § 6, 54

sāvaṭa →

pts

name of a certain throw in playing at dice Ja.vi.281 (variant reading sāvaṭṭa).

sīla →

pts

  1. nature, character, habit behaviour; usually as-˚ in adj. function “being of such a nature,” like, having the character of…, e.g. adāna˚; of stingy character, illiberal Snp.244; Pv-a.68 (+ macc …

sīlavant →

pts

adjective virtuous, observing the moral precepts DN.iii.77, DN.iii.259 sq., DN.iii.285; AN.i.150; AN.ii.58, AN.ii.76 AN.iii.206 sq., AN.iii.262 sq.; AN.iv.290 sq., AN.iv.314 sq.; AN.v.10 sq., AN.v.71 …

sīta FIXME double →

pts

Sītaka = sīta

SN.iv.289 (vāta).

sītaka →

pts

Sītaka = sīta

SN.iv.289 (vāta).

tattaka →

pts

Tattaka1

pleasing, agreeable, pleasant Mil.238 (bhojana).

tatta pp. of tappati2 + ka

Tattaka2

adjective (= tāvataka) of such size, so large Vism.184 (correspondin …

taṇhā →

pts

(lit.) drought, thirst; (fig.) craving, hunger for, excitement the fever of unsatisfied longing (c. loc.: kabaḷinkāre āhāre “thirst” for solid food SN.ii.101 sq.; cīvare piṇḍapāte taṇhā = greed for Sn …

taṭataṭāyati →

pts

to rattle, shake, clatter; to grind or gnash one’s teeth; to fizz. Usually said of people in frenzy or fury (in ppr. ˚yanto or ˚yamāna) Ja.i.347 (rosena), Ja.i.439 (kodhena); Ja.ii.277 (of a bhikkhu k …

thaketi →

pts

to cover, cover up, close (usually of doors windows) Vin.ii.134 (kaṇṇagūthakehi kaṇṇā thakitā honti: the ears were closed up), Vin.ii.148 (kavaṭā na thakīyanti, pass.), Vin.ii.209 (vātapāna); Vin. …

thera →

pts

only used with ref. to the bhikkhus of Gotama Buddha’s community
(adj.) senior Vin.i.47, Vin.i.290 (th. bhikkhū opp. navā bh.), Vin.i.159 (th bhikkhu a senior bh. opp. to navaka bh. a novice), Vin.i …

ti →

pts

Iti (ti)

indeclinable emphatic deictic particle “thus”. Occurs in both forms iti & ti, the former in higher style (poetry), the latter more familiar in conversational prose. The function of “iti” is …

tiṭṭhati →

pts

to stand, etc.

I. Forms

pres ind. tiṭṭhati (Snp.333, Snp.434; Pv.i.5#1);
imper second tiṭṭha, 3rd tiṭṭhatu ppr. tiṭṭhaṃ, tiṭṭhanto, tiṭṭhamāna;
pot tiṭṭhe (Snp.918, Snp.968) & tiṭṭheyy …

turita →

pts

hastening, speedy, quick; hastily, in a hurry Snp.1014; Ja.i.69 (turita-turita); Vv.80#8 (= sambhamanto Vv-a.311); DN-a.i.319; Pv-a.181- aturita leisurely, with leisure, slow Ja.i.87
■ See al …

tuvaṭaṃ →

pts

adverb quickly AN.v.342; Ja.i.91; Ja.ii.61; Ja.vi.519 (as tvātaṃ); Mil.198; Vism.305 Vism.313.

Sk. tvaritaṃ, cp. tūrta

tvātaṃ →

pts

tāvata →

pts

lit. “so-much-ness,” i.e. relative extent or sphere, relatively Vism.481, Vism.482.

abstr. fr. tāva

tāvataka →

pts

adjective just so much or just so long (viz. as the situation requires), with (or ellipt. without a corresp. yāvataka Vin.i.83 (yāvatake-t. as many as) DN.ii.18 (yāvatakv’ assa kāyo tāvatakv’ assa vy …

tāvatā →

pts

adverb

  1. so long (corr. to yāva) Dpvs.iv.17.
  2. on that account, thus DN.i.104 (variant reading ettāvatā); Dhp.266.

from tāva

ucchindati →

pts

to break up, destroy, annihilate SN.v.432 (bhavataṇhaṃ), AN.iv.17 (fut. ucchecchāmi to be read with variant reading for T. ucchejjissāmi); Snp.2 (pret. udacchida), Snp.208 (ger. ucchijja); Ja.v.383; D …

ucchu →

pts

sugar-cane Vin.iv.35; AN.iii.76; AN.iv.279; Mil.46; Dhp-a.iv.199 (˚ūnaṃ yanta sugar-cane mill), Pv-a.257, Pv-a.260; Vv-a.124.

-agga (ucch˚) top of s. c. Vism.172. *-[khaṇḍik …

udara →

pts

  1. the belly, stomach DN.ii.266; Snp.78, Snp.604, Snp.609, Snp.716; Ja.i.146, Ja.i.164, Ja.i.265; Mil.213; Pv-a.283; Kp-a.57, Kp-a.58; Dhp-a.i.47 (pregnant); Sdhp.102.
  2. cavity, interior, inside …

uddha FIXME double →

pts

Uddhaṃ & Uddha˚

(indecl.) high up, on top, above (adv. & prep.)
■ On uddhaṃ in spatial, temporal, ethical & psychological application see in detail Cnd.155.

I. (adv.)

  1. (of space) up a …

uddha →

pts

adjective in phrase uddhehi vatthehi in rich, lofty clothes Ja.iv.154 (of a devatā passage may be corrupt).

possibly a combn. of aḍḍha2 & uddhaṃ; or should we read aḍḍh˚ or vuḍḍh˚?

uddhaṃ →

pts

Uddhaṃ & Uddha˚

(indecl.) high up, on top, above (adv. & prep.)
■ On uddhaṃ in spatial, temporal, ethical & psychological application see in detail Cnd.155.

I. (adv.)

  1. (of space) up a …

uddālaka →

pts

the Uddāla tree, Cassia Fistula (see [known as indīvara](/define/known as indīvara)), or Cordia Myxa lit. “uprooter” Vv.6#7 (= vātaghātako yo rājarukkho ti pi vuccati Vv-a.43); Ja.iv.301 (˚rukkha), J …

ugghāṭana →

pts

…iii.174, 176). Ch s. v. gives “rope & bucket of a well” as meaning (kavāṭaṃ anugghāṭeti). Cp. ugghaṭanā.

fr. ugghāṭeti

ujjhita →

pts

destitute, forsaken; thrown out, cast away MN.i.296 (+ avakkhitta); Thag.315 (itthi); Thag.2, Thag.386 (cp. Thag-a.256 vātakkhitto viya yo koci dahano) Dhp.58 (= chaḍḍita of sweepings Dhp-a.i.445); …

ujju →

pts

Uju & Ujju

adjective straight direct; straightforward, honest, upright DN.iii.150 (T. ujja), DN.iii.352 (do.), DN.iii.422, DN.iii.550; Vv.18#7 (= sabba-jimha-vanka-kuṭilabhāv’âpagama-hetutāya u. …

uju →

pts

Uju & Ujju

adjective straight direct; straightforward, honest, upright DN.iii.150 (T. ujja), DN.iii.352 (do.), DN.iii.422, DN.iii.550; Vv.18#7 (= sabba-jimha-vanka-kuṭilabhāv’âpagama-hetutāya u. …

ukkaṃsa →

pts

exaltation, excellence, superiority (opp. avakkaṃsa) DN.i.54 (ukkaṃs-âvakkaṃsa hāyana-vaḍḍhana DN-a.i.165); MN.i.518; Vism.563 (id.) Vv-a.146 (˚gata excellent), Vv-a.335 (instr. ukkaṃsena par exc …

ummāda →

pts

madness, distraction, mental aberration SN.i.126 (˚ṃ pāpuṇeyya citta-vikkhepaṃ vā); AN.ii.80 AN.iii.119; AN.v.169; Pp.69; Pv-a.6 (˚patta frantic, out of mind), Pv-a.94 (˚vāta), Pv-a.162 (˚patta). …

ummūlaka →

pts

adjective uprooting, laying bare the roots Ja.i.303 (vāta).

= ummūla

upari →

pts

indeclinable over, above (prep. & prefix)

  1. (adv. on top, above (opp. adho below) Vin.iv.46 (opp. heṭṭhā) Ja.vi.432; Kp-a.248 (= uddhaṃ; opp. adho); Snp-a.392 (abtimukho u. gacchati explaining pac …

upayācitaka →

pts

begging, asking, praying, propitiation Ja.vi.150 (= devatānaṃ āyācana).

of adj. upa + yācita + ka; pp. of yācati

uposatha →

pts

At the time of the rise of Buddhism the word had come to mean the day preceding four stages of the moon’s waxing and waning, viz. 1st, 8th, 15th 23d nights …

uppāṭanaka →

pts

adjective pulling up, tearing out, uprooting Ja.i.303 (˚vāta); Ja.iv.333 (id.).

fr. uppāṭana

upāsaka →

pts

devout or faithful layman, a lay devotee Vin.i.4, Vin.i.16 (tevāciko u.), Vin.i.37, Vin.i.139 Vin.i.195 sq.; Vin.ii.125; Vin.iii.6, Vin.iii.92; Vin.iv.14, Vin.iv.109; DN.i.85; DN.ii.105 DN.ii.113; DN. …

uttiṭṭha →

pts

“alms which one stands up for, or expects” left over, thrown out Vin.i.44 (˚patta); Thag.1057 (˚piṇḍa); Thag.2, Thag.349 (˚piṇḍa = vivaṭadvāre ghare ghare patiṭṭhitvā labhanaka-piṇḍa Thag-a.242); Ja …

vagguli →

pts

Vagguli & ˚ī

masculine & feminine a bat Vin.ii.148; Mil.364, Mil.404; Vism.663 (in simile) Dhp-a.iii.223.

  • -rukkha a tree on which bats live Vism.74.
  • *-vata

vaggulī →

pts

Vagguli & ˚ī

masculine & feminine a bat Vin.ii.148; Mil.364, Mil.404; Vism.663 (in simile) Dhp-a.iii.223.

  • -rukkha a tree on which bats live Vism.74.
  • *-vata

valaya →

pts

bracelet Vin.ii.106; Ja.ii.197 (dantakāre valay’-ādīni karonte disvā); Ja.iii.377; Ja.vi.64, Ja.vi.65; DN-a.i.50; Dhp-a.i.226 (danta˚ ivory bangle); Pv-a.157 (sankha˚) Mhvs.11, Mhvs.14 (˚anguli-v …

valāhaka →

pts

  1. a cloud, dark cloud, thundercloud SN.i.212 Thig.55; AN.ii.102; AN.v.22; Thag.760; Pp.42, Pp.43; Vv.68#1 Ja.iii.245; Ja.iii.270 (ghana˚); Vism.285 (˚paṭala); Mil.274; Dhs-a.317; Vv-a.12 (= abbhā). …

vana →

pts

Vana1

neuter the forest; wood; as a place of pleasure sport (“wood”), as well as of danger & frightfulness (“jungle”), also as resort of ascetics, noted for its loneliness (“forest”). Of ( …

vassa →

pts

  1. rain, shower Ja.iv.284; Ja.vi.486 (khaṇika sudden rain); Mil.307; Mhvs.21, Mhvs.31; Dhp-a.iii.163 (pokkhara˚ portentous); Snp-a.224 (mahā˚ deluge of rain); Pv-a.55 (vāta˚ wind & rain)
    ■ fig …

vatavant →

pts

adjective observant of religious duties, devout Snp.624 (= dhuta-vatena samannāgata Snp-a.467); Dhp.400 (with same expln at Dhp-a.iv.165 as as Snp-a.467).

vata2 + vant

vatika →

pts

adjective (-˚) having the habit (of), acting like MN.i.387 (kukkura˚).

vata2 + ika

vatta →

pts

Vatta1

neuter

  1. that which is done, which goes on or is customary, i.e. duty, service, custom, function Vin.ii.31; Snp.294, Snp.393 (gahaṭṭha˚) Vism.188 (cetiy’ angaṇa˚ etc.); Dhp-a.i.9 …

vattar →

pts

one who speaks, a sayer, speaker MN.i.470; SN.i.63; SN.ii.182; SN.vi.94, SN.vi.198; DN.i.139; AN.iv.32; AN.v.79 sq., AN.v.226 sq.; Thag.334 (read ariya-vattā for ˚ vatā); Ja.i.134; Snp-a.272; Pv-a. …

vatthu →

pts

Vatthu1

neuter lit. “ground,” hence

  1. (lit.) object, real thing, property, thing, substance (cp. vatthu2!) AN.ii.209 (khetta˚, where khetta in lit. sense, cp. No. 2). Here bel …

vaya →

pts

Vaya1 & vayo

neuter age, especially young age, prime, youth; meaning “old age” when characterized as such or contrasted to youth (the ord. term for old age being jarā). …

vaṭaka →

pts

small ball or thickening, bulb, tuber; in muḷāla˚; the (edible) tuber of the lotus Ja.vi.563 (C. kaṇḍaka).

cp. *Sk. vaṭaka, fr. vaṭa rope

vaṭaṃsa →

pts

kind of head ornament perhaps ear-ring or garland worn round the forehead Mhvs.11, Mhvs.28 (C. explains as “kaṇṇapilandhanaṃ vaṭaṃsakan ti vuttaṃ hoti”). Usually as vaṭaṃsaka V …

vaṭākara →

pts

rope, cable Ja.iii.478 (nāvā sa-vaṭākarā).

probably distorted by metathesis from Sk. vaṭārakā. Fr. vaṭa rope. On etym. of the latter see Walde, Lat. Wtb. s. v. volvo

vaṭṭin →

pts

(-˚) adjective in muṇḍa˚; porter (?) is not clear. It is a dern fr. vaṭṭi in one or the other of its meanings. Found only at Vin.ii.137, where it is explained by Bdhgh as “veṭṭhin.” It m …

vega →

pts

quick motion, impulse, force; speed, velocity SN.iv.157; AN.iii.158 (sara˚); Snp.1074; Mil.202, Mil.258, Mil.391; Pv-a.11, Pv-a.47 (vāta˚) Pv-a.62 (visa˚), Pv-a.67, Pv-a.284 (kamma˚); Sdhp.295

veramba →

pts

Veramba & ˚bha

(adj.) attribute of the wind (vāta or pl. vātā) a wind blowing in high altitudes [cp. BSk. vairambhaka Divy.90] SN.ii.231; AN.i.137; Thag.597; Ja.iii.255, Ja.iii.48 …

verambha →

pts

Veramba & ˚bha

(adj.) attribute of the wind (vāta or pl. vātā) a wind blowing in high altitudes [cp. BSk. vairambhaka Divy.90] SN.ii.231; AN.i.137; Thag.597; Ja.iii.255, Ja.iii.48 …

veyyāvacca →

pts

service, attention rendering a service; work, labour, commission, duty Vin.i.23; AN.iii.41; Ja.i.12 (kāya˚); Ja.vi.154; Snp-a.466; Vv-a.94; Thag-a.253. -kamma doing service, work Ja.iii.422; *- …

vi →

pts

indeclinable

I.

  1. inseparable prefix of separation and expansion, in original meaning of “asunder,” semantically closely related to Lat. dis- & Ger ver-. Often as base-prefix in var mean …

vijana →

pts

adjective deserted of people, lonely SN.i.180; Thag-a.252. -vāta: see vāta.

vi + jana

vikāra →

pts

  1. change, alteration, in mahā˚; great change Vism.366, Vism.367 (of two kinds: anupādiṇṇa upādiṇṇa, or primary & secondary, i.e. the first caused by kappa-vuṭṭhāna, the second by dhātu-kkhobha) K …

vimhaya →

pts

astonishment, surprise, disappointment Ja.v.69 (in expln of vyamhita) Mhvs.5, Mhvs.92; Snp-a.42 (explaining “vata”), Snp-a.256 (do. for “ve” = aho); DN-a.i.43; Vv-a.234, Vv-a.329.

cp. …

vimāna →

pts

Vimāna1

neuter lit. covering a certain space, measuring; the defns given by Dhpāla refer it to “without measure,” i.e. immeasurable. Thus = vigata-māne appamāṇe mahanta vara-p …

visama →

pts

adjective

  1. uneven, unequal, disharmonious, contrary AN.i.74; Pv-a.47 (vāta), Pv-a.131 (a˚ = sama of the “middle” path).
  2. (morally) discrepant lawless, wrong AN.iii.285; AN.v.329; Snp.57 (cp. Cn …

vivarati →

pts

  1. to uncover, to open Vin.ii.219 (windows, opp. thaketi); DN.i.85 (paṭicchannaṃ v.); Ja.i.63 (dvāraṃ), Ja.i.69; Ja.iv.133 (nagaraṃ) Dhp-a.i.328 (vātapānaṃ); DN-a.i.228; Pv-a.74 (mukhaṃ) Vv-a.157, …

vivatta-cchada →

pts

Vivatta-cchada

adjective having the cover removed, with the veil lifted; one who draws away the veil (cp. vivaraṇa or reveals (the Universe etc.); or one who is freed of all (mental & spiritual) cov …

vivaṭa →

pts

uncovered, open (lit. & fig.), laid bare, unveiled Snp.19 (lit.), Snp.374 (fig. anāvaṭa Snp-a.366), Snp.763, Snp.793 (= open-minded); Mnd.96 Pp.45, Pp.46 (read vivaṭa for pi vaṭa; opp. pihita); Vism …

vivaṭaka →

pts

adjective open (i.e. not secret) Vin.ii.99.

vivaṭa + ka

vuṇāti →

pts

*Vuṇāti

The two meanings of the root vṛ; as existing in Sk. are also found in Pāli but only peculiar to the Caus. vāreti (the form aor avari as given by Childers should be re …

vuṭṭhi →

pts

rain SN.i.172 = Snp.77 (fig. = saddhā bījaṃ tapo vuṭṭhi); AN.iii.370, AN.iii.378 (vāta˚); Iti.83; Dhp.14; Ja.vi.587 (˚dhārā) Tha-ap.38 (fig.), Ja.vi.52 (amata˚); Mil.416; Vism.37, Vism.234 (salila˚); …

vyāpāra →

pts

occupation, business, service, work Ja.i.341; Ja.v.60; Vism.595. Cp. veyyāvacca, vyappatha (by˚), vyāvaṭa.

vi + ā + pṛ.

vyāvaṭa →

pts

adjective doing service, active, busy; eager, keen intent on (loc.), busy with AN.iv.195 (mayi = worrying about me); Ja.iii.315 (su˚); Ja.iv.371 (kiccâkiccesu v. uyyatta C.); Ja.v.395 (= ussukka); Ja. …

vārita →

pts

obstructed, hindered Ja.iv.264; restrained (sabbavāri) see vāri.

  • -vata (so read for cārita˚) “having the habit of selfdenial” (translation) SN.i.28 (cp. K.S.

vāruṇī →

pts

  1. spirituous liquor AN.iii.213; Ja.i.251 (˚vāṇija spirit merchant), Ja.i.268; Ja.vi.502.
  2. an intoxicated woman; term for a female fortune-teller Ja.vi.500 (Vāruṇī ’va pavedhati; C. devatā-bhūta- …

vāsa →

pts

Vāsa1

clothing; adj. (-˚) clothed in Ja.vi.47 (hema-kappana-vāsase).

vas to clothe, see vasati1

Vāsa2

  1. living, sojourn, life Snp.191; Mhv …

vātaka →

pts

adjective (-˚) belonging to or connected with the winds (of the body) in ahi-vātaka-roga a cert (intestinal) disease (lit. “snake-pain”), pestilence plague; dysentery (caused by a famine and att …

vātika →

pts

adjective connected with the winds (humours) of the body having bad circulation, suffering from internal trouble rheumatic (?) Mil.135, Mil.298.

fr. vāta 2, cp. *Sk. vātakin Halāyudha ii.451

vāyana →

pts

blowing Vb-a.71 (upari˚vāta).

fr. , vāyati2

vāyati →

pts

Vāyati1

to weave, only in pp. vāyita
pass viyyati Vin.iii.259. pp. also vīta
caus 2 vāyāpeti to cause to be woven Vin.iii.2 …

vāyo →

pts

wind DN.iii.268 (˚kasiṇa) MN.i.1, MN.i.424 = AN.iv.375; AN.v.7, AN.v.318, AN.v.353 sq. (˚saññā) SN.iii.207; Vism.172 (˚kasiṇa), Vism.350 (def.). On vāyo as t. t. for mobility, mobile principle (one of …

vāṭaka →

pts

…of Brahmins Dhp-a.iv.177.

fr. vāṭa

vījana →

pts

fan, fanning; in vījana-vāta a fanning wind, a breeze Snp-a.174.

fr. vīj, cp. Class. Sk. vījana

vītaṃsa →

pts

bird-snare (BR.: “jedes zum Fangen von Wild & Vögeln dienende Gerät”), a decoy bird Thag.139. Kern,

Toevoegselen

s. v. “vogelstrik.”

fr. vi + tan, according to BR. The word is found in late S …

ya →

pts

Ya˚

I. Forms

(See inflection also at Geiger, P.Gr. § 110.) The decl. is similar to that of ta˚ among the more rarely found forms we only mention the foll.
■ sg. nom. m. *[yo](/define/y …

yakkha →

pts

  1. name of certain non-human beings, as spirits, ogres, dryads, ghosts spooks. Their usual epithet and category of being is amanussa, i.e. not a human being (but not a sublime g …

yato →

pts

adverb wherefrom, by which, out of which

  1. (local) from where DN.i.240 (uggacchanti candima-suriyā; opp. yattha where).
  2. (temporal) whence since, when, from which time Vv-a.344 (yato paṭṭhāya). …

yatra →

pts

adverb in which, where, since; only in phrase yatra hi nāma (in emphatic exclamations) with Fut. “as indeed, inasmuch as, that” SN.ii.255 (ñāṇabhūtā vata sāvakā y. h. n. savako ñassati etc.); Ja.i.5 …

yattaka →

pts

adjective however much, whatever, as many (in correlation with ta˚; or tattaka) Ja.v.74 (= yāvant); Vism.184 (yattakaṃ ṭhānaṃ gaṇhāti… tattakaṃ…), Vism.293 (yatta …

yañña →

pts

…sense to read yañña- vāṭa for yanñ’ āvāṭa, i.e. enclosed place for sacrifice. Thus at all passages for…

yebhuyya →

pts

abundant, numerous, most. Not found as adj. by itself, except in phrase yebhuyya-vasena mostly, as a rule Thag-a.51 and Pv-a.136, which is identical with the usual instr. *[yebhuyyena](/define/ye …

yuga →

pts

  1. the yoke of a plough (usually) or a carriage Dhp-a.i.24 (yugaṃ gīvaṃ bādhati presses on the neck); Pv-a.127 (ratha˚); Sdhp.468 (of a carriage) Also at Snp.834 in phrase dhonena yugaṃ samāgamā w …

yāva →

pts

adverb

  1. (as prep.) up to (a point), as far as, how far so far that (cp. tāva I), both temporal and local, used either with absolute form of noun or adj. (base), or nom., or abl. or *acc …

yāvaka →

pts

dish prepared of barley Ja.vi.373 (= yavataṇḍula-bhatta C.).

= yavaka

yāvant →

pts

pronoun, relative

  1. yāvant as adj.: as many (as) Dhp.337 (hāvant’ ettha samāgatā as many as are assembled here); Ja.v.72 (yāvanto uda-bindūni… tāvanto gaṇḍū jāyetha; C. on p. …

yāvataka →

pts

adjective as much as, as many as, as far as, whatever; usually in correl with tāvataka e.g. Vin.i.83 (yāvataka… t.); DN.ii.18 (y. kāyo t. vyāmo); Cnd.235#3 (y ˚ṃ ñeyyaṃ t ˚ṃ ñāṇa …

yāvatā →

pts

indeclinable lokasmiṃ yad idam arahanto “as far as the abodes of beings, as far as heaven, these are the highest these are the best, I mean the Arahants.” SN.iii.84 yāvatā dhammā sankhatā vā asankhatā …

ñāṇa →

pts

knowledge, intelligence insight, conviction, recognition, opp. añāṇa avijjā, lack of k. or ignorance.

  1. Ñāṇa in the theory of cognition:
    it occurs in intensive couple-compounds with terms of …

ābādha →

pts

affliction, illness, disease Vin.iv.261; DN.i.72; DN.ii.13; AN.i.121; AN.iii.94, AN.iii.143; AN.iv.333, AN.iv.415 sq., AN.iv.440; Dhp.138; Pp.28 Vism.41 (udara-vāta˚) Vism.95; Vv-a.351 (an˚ safe & s …

ādhuta →

pts

shaken, moved (by the wind, i.e. fanned Vv.39#4 (variant reading adhuta which is perhaps to be preferred, i.e. not shaken, cp. vātadhutaṃ Dāvs v.49; Vv-a.178 explains by saṇikaṃ vidhūpayamāna, i.e. g …

ādāsa →

pts

mirror Vin.ii.107; DN.i.7, DN.i.11 (˚pañha mirror-questioning, cp DN-a.i.97: “ādāse devataṃ otaretvā pañha-pucchanaṃ”), DN.i.80 DN.ii.93 (dhamna’-ādāsaṃ nāma dhamma-pariyāyaṃ desessāmi) SN.v.357 …

āhāra →

pts

feeding, support, food, nutriment (lit & fig.). The term is used comprehensively and the usual enumn. comprises four kinds of nutriment, viz.

  1. kabaḷinkāra āhāro (bodily nutriment, either …

ākāsa →

pts

Ākāsa1

air, sky, atmosphere; space. On the concept see Cpd. 5, 16, 226. On a fanciful etym. of ākāsa (fr. ā + kassati of kṛṣ) at Dhs-a.325 see Dhs trsl. 178. DN.i.55 (˚ṃ indriyāni …

ārakkha →

pts

watch, guard, protection, care DN.ii.59; DN.iii.289; SN.iv.97, SN.iv.175, SN.iv.195; AN.ii.120; AN.iii.38; AN.iv.266, AN.iv.270, AN.iv.281 (˚sampadā), AN.iv.322 (id.), AN.iv.400; AN.v.29 sq.; Ja.i.203 …

āvarati →

pts

to shut out from (abl.), hold back from, refuse, withhold, obstruct MN.i.380 (dvāraṃ) Snp.922 (pot. ˚aye, cp. Mnd.368); DN-a.i.235 (dvāraṃ) Dpvs.i.38
pp āvaṭa and *āvuta2</s …

āvasatha →

pts

…Vin.iv.304 (= kavāṭabaddha); SN.i.94, SN.i.229; SN.iv.329; Snp.287, Snp.672; Ja.iv.396; Ja.vi.425; Pp.51; Mil.279.

Sk. āvasatha,…

āvaṭa →

pts

covered, veiled, shut off against, prohibited DN.i.97, DN.i.246; MN.i.381 (˚dvāra); Ja.vi.267. -anāvaṭa uncovered, unveiled, exposed, open DN.i.137 (˚dvāra); DN.iii.191 (˚dvāratā …

āvuta →

pts

  1. strung upon, tied on, fixed on to DN.i.76 (suttaṃ); DN.ii.13 (id.) AN.i.286 (tantāvutaṃ web); Ja.iii.52 (valliyā); Ja.vi.346 (suttakena); DN-a.i.94 (˚sutta).
  2. impaled, stuck on (sūle on the pale …

āvuṇāti →

pts

to weave, thus a confusion of the two roots, the latter being merged into the former to string upon, to fix on to (c. loc.), to impale Ja.i.430 Ja.iii.35; Ja.v.145; Ja.vi.105
caus 2 āvuṇāpeti Ja.i …

āvāṭa →

pts

hole dug in the ground, a pit, a well DN.i.142 (yaññ˚); Ja.i.99, Ja.i.264; Ja.ii.406; Ja.iii.286; Ja.iv.46 (caturassa); Ja.vi.10; Dhp-a.i.223; Vv-a.63; Pv-a.225.

etym.?

āyuka →

pts

(-˚) adjective -being of life; having a life or age AN.iv.396 (niyat˚); Vv-a.196 (yāvatāyukā dibbasampatti divine bliss lasting for a lifetime). Esp. freq in combn. with *[dīgha](/define …

ṭhāna →

pts

(ṭṭhāna) neuter

I. Connotation

As one of the 4 iriyāpathā (behaviours)

  1. contrasted (a) as standing position with sitting or reclining (b) as rest with motion.
  2. by itself without parti …