see pubbanha, majjhanha, sāyanha. Cp. aha.

Vedic ahan

day, only as-˚ in apar˚, pubb˚, majjh˚, sāy˚, q.v.

Sk. ahna, day, see ahan

A class of devas, living in the highest of the five Suddhāvasā (Pure Abodes). DN.iii.237

In the Mahāpadāna Sutta DN.ii.52f. the Buddha mentions that he visited their abode and conversed with beings …

A brahmin village in Māgadha to the east of Rājagaha.

To the north of the village was the Vediyaka mountain, in which was the Indasālaguhā, where the Sakkapañha Sutta was preached. On the occasion of …

…trait, had been called Kaṇha (devil), hence the family name. Kaṇha later became a mighty seer and married Maddarūpi, daughter of Okkāka….

One of the three daughters of Māra, the others being Taṇhā and Ragā. Seeing their father disconsolate after his repeated attempts to foil Gotama’s quest for Enlightenment, they offered to tempt the Bu …

Asita¹KaṇhāsiriKāladevala

An ascetic who possessed various psychic powers. Once, while in Tāvatiṃsā heaven, he saw the whole city decked with splendour and the gods engaged in great rejoic …

A slave-woman of Okkāka. She was the mother of Kaṇha, ancestor of the Kaṇhāyanā-gotta. DN.i.93

A royal family of Nāgas, mentioned together with Virūpakkhas, Chabbyāputtas, and Kaṇhāgotamakas. For their own protection, monks are advised to fill their hearts with amity for these four classes of N …

Gopaka²

A monk. He once stayed at the Kukkuṭārāma in Pāṭaliputta, where he was given a set of robes. Vin.i.300

Gopaka³

A deva. A series of verses attributed to Gopaka are give …

HāliddakāniHāliddakāni

An eminent lay disciple of Avanti. Once when Mahā Kaccāna was staying in the Kuraragharapapāta, Hāliddakāni visited him and consulted him at length on the subjects treated in M …

A cave on the Vediya mountain, to the north of Ambasaṇḍā, which was a brahmin village, east of Rājagaha. Once, when the Buddha was staying there, Sakka visited him and asked him the questions recorded …

IsipatanaMigadayaDeer Park

An open space near Benares, the site of the famous Migadāya or Deer Park. It was eighteen leagues from Uruvelā, and when Gotama gave up his austere penances his friends, th …

…refused, but when Kaṇha displayed his supernatural powers he gained the princess. DN.i.96f.

Kaṇha²

A Pacceka Buddha,…

A monk whose Theragāthā verses describe how he heard the Dhamma, practiced, and overcame all defileents. Thag.179–180

KaṇhāgotamikāKaṇhāgotamaka

A royal family of Nāgas. AN.ii.72

The name of the family to which belonged Ambaṭṭha. DN.i.93 The family was descended from a sage named Kaṇha.

Kāḷī¹Kururagharikā

Described among laywomen as the best of those who believe even from hearsay. AN.i.26 A conversation between her and Mahā Kaccāna is related, where she asks him for a det …

MaddarūpiKhuddarūpi

Daughter of Okkāka and wife of Kaṇha, ancestor of Ambaṭṭha. DN.i.96f.

A Licchavi chief, mentioned as having visited the Buddha at the Kūṭāgārasālā to ask if he had seen Sakka SN.i.230 and also to beg information as to the teachings of Pūraṇa Kassapa. SN.iii.68 This conv …

MāraNamuciKaṇhaAdhipatiAntakaPamattabandhuPāpimā

Generally regarded as the personification of Death, the Evil One, the Tempter. Sometimes known…

A class of beings classed with Garuḷas and Supaṇṇas and playing a prominent part in Buddhist folk lore. They are gifted with miraculous powers and great strength. Generally speaking, they are confused …

…baby named, accordingly, Kaṇha. He was the ancestor of the Kaṇhāyanas, of which race the Ambaṭṭha-clan was an offshoot. Later, Kaṇha…

A city, the capital of Māgadha.

The place was called Giribbaja (mountain stronghold) because it was surrounded by five hills—Paṇḍava, Gijjhakūṭa, Vebhāra, Isigili and Vepulla. It is said MN.iii.68 th …

SakkaVatrabhūVāsavaMaghavāMāghaPurindadaSahassakkhaSahassanettaSujampatiKosiya

Almost always spoken of as chief of the devas. The Saṃyutta Nikāya SN.i.229 contains a list of his names.

• Maghavā, be …

He was a fisherman’s son and held the false view that, according to the Buddha’s teaching, a man’s consciousness runs on and continues without break of identity. Sāti’s colleagues did their best to ch …

One of the three daughters of Māra, who tried to tempt the Buddha under the Ajapāla-nigrodha, soon after the Enlightenment. Snp.p.163 SN.i.124f.

UruvelāSenānigamaUruvelapattana

A locality on the banks of the Nerañjara, in the neighbourhood of the Bodhi-tree at Buddhagayā. MN.i.166 The place chosen by the Bodhisatta for his penances was calle …

VediyakaVediya

A mountain to the north of Ambasaṇḍā, in which was the Indasālaguhā, where the Buddha stayed. The mountain was bathed in radiance when Sakka visited the Buddha on the occasion of the p …

Vejayanta¹

A palace belonging to Sakka. When Moggallāna visited Sakka to discover if he had fully understood the Buddha’s teaching in the Cūlatanhā saṅkhaya Sutta, Sakka tried to evade his …

szomj, sóvár vágy

taking a hold of.

takes hold of; holds fast, restraints.

accepts (the confession of) the fault, pardons the offense

accepts (the confession of) the fault, pardons the offense

1. surpasses; excels; masters.
2. receives.

, pg 14 Ga-Na.

the question asked; the chosen question

not dark, light; not evil

favors, treats with kindness; protects, helps; acknowledges, admits

anuggaṇhanta¹

part. pr. mf(~antī)n.

anuggaṇhanta²

neg. mfn.

causes (someone) to help, to favor

favors, treats with kindness; protects, helps; acknowledges, admits.

too dark

conceives, becomes pregnant.

of gaṇhāti

of gaṇhāti

of gaṇhāti

of gaṇhāti

of gaṇhāti taking; holding; seizing; with; mentioning, referring to

of gaṇhāti

1. (from gaṇhāti)
2. (mfn.) taken, seized, grasped in the mind, apprehended, learnt; mentioned, referred to, meant.
3. (n.) grasping, holding.

of gaṇhāti

of gaṇhāti

of gaṇhāti is held, is taken; is understood; is mentioned, is meant

of gaṇhāti

of gaṇhāti

of gaṇhāti

of gaṇhāti

of gaṇhāti causes to take ( or lay hold of); causes to be taken or seized; hands over, distributes, allots (to, dat./gen.); causes to learn, teaches

3. sg

4. takes, takes hold of, grasps; gets, obtains; receives, accepts.

5. catches, seizes, overpowers.

6. holds; contains.

7. takes, chooses; takes on, approves; holds an opinion or belief; holds t …

1. (mfn.)

   1. having a net, ensnaring (esp. an epithet of taṇhā)
   2. marked with a network of lines?

2. (taṇhā) the ensnarer, desire.

jāli(n)²

masculine & neuter possessing flames.

1. (mfn.)

   1. having a net, ensnaring (esp. an epithet of taṇhā)
   2. marked with a network of lines?

2. (taṇhā) the ensnarer, desire.

jāli(n)²

mfn. possessing flames.

1. (mfn.) black, dark; evil, wicked.
2. (m.) Māra.

having a mass of black (hair)

the negative side; the statement of the undesirable case or position

the black venomous snake Coluber nāga

whose path is black (of fire)

the dark class of beings

of low birth, basely born

of low birth, basely born

1. questioning a girl (possessed by a deity).
2. a question by a daughter (of Mara, see SI 124)

of niggaṇhāti

of niggaṇhāti

of niggaṇhāti held down; restrained; reproved; refuted

of niggaṇhaṇa

seizing, seizure; (suppression, punishment; ?)

of niggaṇhāti

1. holds down, holds fast; holds back, restrains; humiliates.
2. refutes; reproves, reprimands.

marks, apprehends the characteristic features; apprehends an object or appearance (as distinguished in various ways); distinguishes, identifies an object or appearance.

free from craving.

of nama names, mentions or addresses by name

who cuts off craving.

in the power of, assailed by, craving.

the destruction of craving.

1. thirst, craving (for food or drink)
2. (a general) craving; strong desire.

having craving as one’s companion.

1. under the influence of craving.
2. a sort of craving.

born from craving.

the net of craving.

group of cravings.

having craving as its root.

the destroying of craving.

finding joy in craving.

an exploration, speculation, influenced by craving; an activity of craving.

(denom. from taṇhā) thirsts, has a craving.

(from uggaṇhāti) one who grasps, comprehends; (fr.

(from uggaṇhāti) one who grasps, comprehends; (fr.

causes to pick up; makes take or accept; makes learn, teaches

picks up, takes; picks up (improperly), takes (what has not been formally offered, cf. patiggaṇhāti); takes up, accepts; grasps; takes hold of mentally, grasps, comprehends; learns.

Abhijjhā: ‘covetousness=greediness=acquisitiveness=jealousy & envy’ is a synonym of lobha and tanhā see: mūla and is the 8th link of the disadvantageous courses of action see: kamma-patha I.

[[answering questions]]Answering questions: 4 ways of: see: pañhā-byākarana

Avijjā: I gnorance, nescience, the blindness of not knowing, is synonymous with confusion moha (see mūla ), is the primary & deepest root of all evil and suffering in the world, veiling man’s …

Bhava-tanhā: ‘craving for eternal existence’; see: tanhā

Ceasing: see: nirodha; of craving: tanhakkhaya.

Craving: Tanhā, rāga, further see: mūla

Existence: bhava - The 5 groups of e.: khandha - The 4 substrata of e.: upadhi - Courses of e.: gati - Wheel of e.: samsāra. - Craving for e.: bhava-tanhā see …

Papañca: Sanskrit prapañca In doctrinal usage, it signifies the expansion, differentiation, ‘diffuseness’ or ‘manifoldness’ of the world; and it may also refer to the ‘phenomenal world’ in gener …

Paticcasamuppāda: ‘dependent origination’, is the doctrine of the conditionality of all physical and psychical phenomena, a doctrine which, together with that of impersonality anattā, forms the …

Pañhā-byākarana: ‘answering questions’.;There are, o Bhikkhus, 4 ways of answering questions: there are questions requiring a direct answer; questions requiring an explanation; questions to be an …

Tanhā-kkhaya: ‘ceasing of craving’, is identical with ‘ceasing of fermentations’ āsavakkhaya and the attainment of perfect Nobility or Arahatship. Cf. ariya-puggala.

Tanhā-nissita-sīla: ‘morality based on craving’ see: nissaya.

Tanhā: lit. ‘thirst’: ‘craving’, is the chief root of suffering, and of the ever-continuing cycle of rebirths.;What, o Bhikkhus, is the origin of suffering? It is that craving which gives rise to …

…by uddharitvā); SN.i.121 (taṇhaṃ); SN.iii.26 (id.; but spelt abbhuyha)
pp abbuḷha (q.v.)
caus abbāheti [Sk ābarhayati] to pull…

…by uddharitvā); SN.i.121 (taṇhaṃ); SN.iii.26 (id.; but spelt abbhuyha)
pp abbuḷha (q.v.)
caus abbāheti [Sk ābarhayati] to pull…

the pulling out (of a sting), in phrase taṇhā-sallassa abbuḷhanaṃ as one of the 12 achievements of a Mahesi Mnd.343 = Cnd.503 (ed^s. of Nd i.have abbūhana, variant reading SS abbussāna; e …

adjective drawn out, pulled (of a sting or dart), fig. removed destroyed. Most freq. in comb^n. -salla with the sting removed, having the sting (of craving thirst, taṇhā) pulled out DN.ii …

praying for, wishing, desire, longing Dhs.1059 = Nd ii.taṇhā ii. Dhs.1136.

abstr. fr. abhijappati, cp. jappā

, covetousness, in meaning almost identical with lobha (cp. Dhs. trsl. 22) DN.i.70, DN.i.71 (˚āya cittaṃ parisodheti he cleanses his heart from coveting; abhijjhāya = abl.; cp DN\ …

adjective belonging to ones birth or race, born of, being by birth; only in cpd. kaṇhâbhijātika of dark birth, that is, low in the social scale DN.iii.251; AN.iii.348; Snp.563 = Thag.833; cp. Ja P T S …

…effect, attain, in phrase akaṇhaṃ asukkaṃ Nibbānaṃ a. DN.iii.251; AN.iii.384 sq At Snp.214 abhijāyati means “to behave, to be”, cp…

adjective rejoicing at, finding pleasure in (loc. or-˚), enjoying AN.ii.54 (piyarūpa); esp. freq. in phrase (taṇhā) tatratatr’âbhinandinī finding its pleasure in this or that [cp. B.Sk. tṛṣṇā tatra- …

holding back Vin.iii.121 (+ abhinippīḷanā).

abstr. fr. abhiniggaṇhāti

…MN.i.120; AN.v.230
■ Cp. abhiniggaṇhanā.

abhi + niggaṇhāti

pressing, squeezing, taking hold of Vin.iii.121 (+ abhiniggaṇhanā).

abstr. to abhinippīḷeti, cp. nippīḷana

to squeeze, crush, subdue Vism.399; often in comb^n. with abhiniggaṇhāti MN.i.120; AN.v.230.

abhi + nippīḷeti

“settling in”, i.e. wishing for, tendency towards (-˚) inclination, adherence; as adj. liking, loving, being given or inclined to DN.iii.230; MN.i.136, MN.i.251; SN.ii.17; SN.iii.10 SN.iii.13, SN.iii …

…the army of M. Snp.439 (kaṇhassa˚ the fighting army of k. = samaṇabrāhmaṇānaṃ nippothanī antarāyakārī Snp-a.390).

abhi +…

at Snp.49 evidently means “scolding, cursing, being in bad temper” (cp. abhisajjati), as its comb^n. with vāc’ âbhilāpa indicates, but is expl^d. both by Nd ii.& Bdhgh. as “stickin …

…acchecchi (for acchejji) taṇhaṃ vivattayi saññojanaṃ sammāmānâbhisamayā antam akāsi dukkhassa“ at SN.iv.205, SN.iv.207, SN.iv.399;…

adjective

1. going beyond the limits (of proper behaviour), too self-sure, overbearing, arrogant, proud SN.i.239 (variant reading accayasara caused by prolepsis of foll. accaya); Ja.iv.6 (atisara); …

1. (temporal) lapse, passing; passing away, end, death. Usually as instr. accayena after the lapse of, at the end or death of, after Vin.i.25; DN.ii.127 (rattiyā a.), DN.ii.154 ( …

…in comb^n. with taṇhaṃ MN.i.122; SN.i.12, SN.i.23, SN.i.127 (so read for acchejja); SN.iv.105, SN.iv.207. Iti.47; AN.iii.246,…

A. Prep. and pref. of direction & place:

1. as direction denoting a movement towards a definite end or goal up to, over, toward, to, on (see C 1a.)
2. as place where (prep. c. loc. or abs.) = …

to surpass, excel SN.i.87 = DN-a.i.32; DN.iii.146; SN.iv.275; AN.iii.33; Iti.19. Ger adhigayha Pv.ii.9#62 = Dhp-a.iii.219 (variant reading BB at both pass. atikkamma); & adhiggahetvā Iti.20
pp …

excelled, surpassed; overpowered, taken by (instr.), possessed Ja.iii.427 (= anuggahīta C.); Ja v.102; vi.525 = 574; Iti.103; Mil.188 Mil.189; Sdhp.98.

pp. of adhigaṇhāti

gone into, affected with, seized by (-˚), a victim of (c. loc.) SN.i.72 Thig.345 (kāmesu); Snp.1123 (taṇhā˚ = taṇhânugata Cnd.32); Dhp.288; Ja.iii.38, Ja.iii.369; Ja.iv.396; Ja.v.91, Ja.v.379 (= dose …

Agga¹

adjective noun

1. (adj.)
   1. of time: the first, foremost Dpvs.iv.13 (saṅgahaṃ first collection). See cpds
   2. of space: the highest, topmost, Ja.i.52 (˚sākhā)
   3. of qual …

fire.

1. fire, flames, sparks; conflagration Vin.ii.120 (fire in bathroom); MN.i.487 (anāhāro nibbuto f. gone out for lack of fuel); SN.iv.185, SN.iv.399 (sa-upādāno jalati provided with fuel blazes …

Aha¹

indeclinable exclamation of surprise, consternation, pain etc “ch! alas! woe!”. Perhaps to be seen in cpd. -kāmā miserable pleasures lit. “woe to these pleasures!”) gloss at Thag- …

he came to, got to, found, obtained, experienced SN.i.12 (vimānaṃ); Snp.225 (expl^d. at Kp-a.180 by vindi paṭilabhi), Snp.956 (ratiṃ; expl^d. at Mnd.457 by adhigacchi); Iti.69 (jā …

…Kp iv. (= Kp-a.82); Ja.iv.402 (bāhira-vatthuṃ ayācitvā ajjhattikassa nāmaṃ gaṇhati); Dhs.673, Dhs.751; Vb.13, Vb.67, Vb.82 sq.,…

hanging on, cleaving to, being bent on, (c. loc.) SN.ii.94 (+ mamāyita); AN.ii.25 (diṭṭha suta muta +); Mnd.75 Mnd.106, Mnd.163 = Nd ii under nissita; Thig.470 (asāre = taṇhāvasena abhiniviṭṭha Thag …

cleaving to (earthly joys), attachment, DN.ii.58 sq.; DN.iii.289; MN.i.498 (+ abhinandana); SN.iii.187; AN.i.66; AN.ii.11 (diṭṭhi˚, kāma˚ + taṇhā). In comb^n. with (icchā) and mucchā at Nd …

adjective not egotistical, unselfish Snp.220 (+ subbata), Snp.777; Ja.iv.372 (+ nirāsaya); Ja.vi.259 (= mamāyana-taṇhā-rahita C.); Pv.iv.1#34 (= mamaṃkāravirahita Pv-a.230); Mhvs.1, Mhvs.66, comb …

…or finding pleasure in Snp.853 (sātiyesu a. = sātavatthusa kāmaguṇesu taṇhasanthavavirahita Snp-a.549).

an + assāvin; cp. assāva +…

adjective

1. (lit.) blind, blinded, blindfolded Ja.i.216 (dhūm˚); Pv.iv.1#48; Pv-a.3
   ■ dark, dull, blinding MN.iii.151 (˚andhaṃ adv. dulled); Snp.669 (Ep. of timisa, like Vedic andhaṃ tamaḥ); D …

…abhāvena Dhp-a.iv.194), Dhp.422; Pv.iv.1#35 (nittaṇha Pv-a.230).

an + ejā

Anta¹

1. end, finish, goal SN.iv.368 (of Nibbāna); Snp.467; Ja.ii.159. antaṃ karoti to make an end (of) Snp.283, Snp.512; Dhp.275, cp. antakara, ˚kiriyā
   ■ loc. ante at the end of, …

Anu¹

indeclinable prep. & pref

A.

As prep. anu is only found occasionally, and here its old (Vedic) function with acc. is superseded by the loc. Traces of …

adjective gone after, accompanied by, come to; following; fig. fallen or gone into, affected with (-˚), being a victim of, suffering MN.i.16; DN.iii.85 DN.iii.173 (parisā); AN.ii.185 (sota˚, variant …

…Ja.ii.74; Cnd.50 (ppr. med -gayhamāna = anukampamāna); Pp.36; Pv-a.181 (imper. anuggaṇha = anukampassu)….

Anuggaha¹

“taking up”, compassion, love for, kindness, assistance, help, favour, benefit SN.ii.11 SN.iii.109; SN.iv.104; SN.v.162; AN.i.92, AN.i.114; AN.ii.145; AN.iv.167; AN.v.70; Iti.12, …

(& ˚ita) commiserated, made happy, satisfied MN.i.457; SN.ii.274; SN.iii.91; SN.iv.263; AN.iii.172; Ja.iii.428.

pp. of anuggaṇhāti

adjective compassionate, ready to help Pv-a.42 ˚sīla.

cp. anuggaha

anuggaha¹ Dhs-a.403. Anu(g)ganhati

adjective compassionate, commiserating, helping Pv-a.69 (= anukampaka).

= anugganha

…Ja.ii.74; Cnd.50 (ppr. med -gayhamāna = anukampamāna); Pp.36; Pv-a.181 (imper. anuggaṇha = anukampassu)….

…kārunika Pv-a.16), Pv.i.5#3 (atthakāma, hitesin Pv-a.25), Pv.i.8#8; Pv.ii.1#4 (= anuggaṇhataka Pv-a.69), Pv.ii.2#7; Thag-a.174; Pv-a.196…

…Pv.iii.2#8 (= anuggaṇha Pv-a.181). Med. ppr. anukampamāna Snp.37 (= anupekkhamāna anugayhamāna Cnd.50); Pv-a.35 (taṃ), Pv-a.62…

adjective anussuta*; v.l K.B. anussada; Dhp-a.iv.165 explains with taṇhā-ussāvâbhāva vv.ll. ˚ussada˚); Iti.97 (vv.ll. anussata & anussara).

…= Iti.9 = Iti.109 = Cnd.172#a; Snp.620, Snp.741 Snp.1094; Cnd.41 (where as nt. = taṇha); Dhp.352 (= khandhādisu niggahaṇa Dhp-a.iv.70),…

aversion, doing away with Vin.i.10 (taṇhāya). Analhiya & Analhika;

an + ālaya

Apekkhā & Apekhā

feminine attention, regard, affection for (loc.); desire longing for (c. loc.) SN.i.77; SN.iii.132; SN.v.409 (mātā-pitusu) Vin.iv.214; Snp.38 (= vuccati taṇhā etc. Cnd.65; = taṇhā s …

…longing, craving Vin.iv.214; SN.iii.16; Thag.558; Ja.v.453 (= sataṇha); Snp-a.76. Apekkha & Apekha

fr. apekkhā

Apekkhā & Apekhā

feminine attention, regard, affection for (loc.); desire longing for (c. loc.) SN.i.77; SN.iii.132; SN.v.409 (mātā-pitusu) Vin.iv.214; Snp.38 (= vuccati taṇhā etc. Cnd.65; = taṇhā s …

indeclinable both prep. & conj., orig meaning “close by”, then as prep. “towards, to, on to on” and as adv. “later, and, moreover”.

1. (prep. pref.)
   1. prep. c. loc.: api ratte later on in the n …

adjective not hankering, free from craving, not greedy SN.i.187 = Thag.1218 (akuhako nipako apihālu); Snp.852 (+ amaccharin, expl^d. at Snp-a.549 as apihana-sīlo, patthanātanhāya rahito t …

adjective without form or body, incorporeal, DN.i.195 sq.; DN.iii.240; Snp.755; Iti.62; Sdhp.228, Sdhp.463 Sdhp.480. See details under rūpa.

• -āvacara the realm or world of Formlessness, Dhs.1281 …

*Asati

(& Asanāti q.v.) to eat; imper. asnātu Ja.v.376; fut. asissāmi Thag.223; Snp.970
ppr med asamāna Ja.v.59; Snp.239. ger. asitvā Mil.167; & *a …

pres. med. of aś to eat, in sense of a fut. “I shall eat” Ja.v.397, Ja.v.405 (C. bhuñjissāmi). The form is to be expl^d. as denom. form^n. fr
■ āśa food, = aṃsiyati and with me …

adjective only in an˚; not enjoying or finding pleasure, not intoxicated Snp.853 (sātiyesu a. sāta-vatthusa kāmaguṇesu taṇhā-santhava-virahita Snp-a.549) See also āsava.

ā + sru

adjective too black Vin.iv.7.

ati + kaṇha

to rebuke too much Ja.vi.417.

ati + niggaṇhāti

adjective too subtle Dhp-a.iii.326.

ati + saṇha

…by Commentary as “saṇha-sukhuma-pañña” of deep insight one who has a fine and minute knowledge)

• -desanā interpretation,…

Avasesa¹

remainder, remaining part; only in compounds an˚; (adj.) without any remainder i.e. fully, completely MN.i.220 = AN.v.347 (˚dohin); AN.i.20 sq., AN.i.88; Snp.146; Pp.17; Dhs.363 …

calling, name; adj. (-˚) called, having the name of Snp.684 (isi˚), Snp.686 (Asit˚), Snp.689 (kanhasiri˚), Snp.1133 (Sace˚, cp. Cnd.624).

fr. avhayati; cp. Sk. āhvaya “betting”

pronoun demonstr. pron. “this, he”; f. ayaṃ; nt. idaṃ & imaṃ “this, it” etc. This pron. combines in its inflection two stems, viz. as˚; (ayaṃ in nom. m. & f.) & im˚; (id in nom. nt.).

I. Form …

eating, taking food; enjoying: only SS at Snp.240; all MSS at Snp.239 have asamāna. Snp-a.284 explains by āhārayamāna.

Sk. aśnāna, ppr. med. of aśnāti, aś to eat

extending, stretching forth, gesture of lifting up the hands as a token of reverence (cp. E. to “tender” one’s respect), putting the ten fingers together and raising them to the head (Vv-a.7: dasanak …

…at Vv-a.24 as dasanakha-samodhāna samujjalaṃ añjaliṃ sirasi paggaṇhantī guṇa-visiṭṭhānaṃ apacayānaṃ akāsiṃ).

=…

…smeary glossy, black (cp. kaṇha ii. and kāla¹ note).

1. Vin.i.203 (five kinds viz. kāḷ˚, ras˚, sot˚, geruka, kapalla) DN.i.7,…

…Ja.vi.529 (= phalānaṃ gaṇhanatthaṃ ankusaṃ) 2. to drive an elephant, a goad (cp patoda & tutta Vin.ii.196 (+ kasā); Ja.vi.489;…

…of the elder brother of Kaṇha Ja.iv.82 Nd¹.89 Nd¹.92 (Vāsudeva +); Vism.233 (id)

• -(p)patta grown-strong…

adjective

1. bond, fetter Iti.56 (abandho Mārassa, not a victim of M.) Mnd.328 (taṇhā˚, diṭṭhi˚); Thag-a.241.
2. one who binds or ties together, in assa˚; horsekeeper, groom Ja.ii.98; Ja.v.441, Ja …

…in explⁿ of kaṇha); Thig.252. Usually in similes, e.g. at Dhp.49 (cp. Dhp-a.i.374 sq.); Vism.142, Vism.152; Snp-a.139. 2. in…

“becoming”, (form of) rebirth, (state of) existence, a “life.” There are 3 states of existence conventionally enumerated as kāma˚ rūpa˚, arūpa˚; or sensual existence, deva-corporeal, formless exist …

(Bhīyo, Bhīyyo)

1. (adj.) more Snp.61 (dukkham ettha bhiyyo), Snp.584 (id.), Snp.306 (bh. taṇhā pavaḍḍhatha); Dhp.313 (bh. rajan ākirate), Dhp.349 (bh. taṇhā pavaḍḍhati).
2. (adv.) in a higher degree …

Bhusa¹

chaff, husks AN.i.241 (-āgāra chaff-house); Dhp.252 (opuṇāti bhusaṃ to sift husks); Ud.78; Pv.iii.4#1; Pv.iii.10#7; Vv-a.47 (tiṇa litter).

cp. Vedic busa (nt.) & buśa (m.)

Bh …

Buddha¹

adjective

1. understood SN.i.35 = SN.i.60 (su-dub-buddha very difficult to understand)
2. having attained enlightenment, wise AN.iv.449; Pv-a.16 (buddh’ ādayo), Pv-a.60 (= ari …

adjective

1. external, outside (opp. abbhantara inside) outer, foreign DN.ii.75; AN.iv.16; Dhp.394 (fig. in meaning of 2); Ja.i.125 (antara˚ inside & outside); Ja.i.337 (out o …

…Snp.1085; gocaraṃ gaṇhanto c. to walk about grazing (see below) Ja.iii.275; gavesanto c. to look for Ja.i.61 2. With definition of a…

conditional particle “if,” constructed either with Indicative (ito ce pi yojanasate viharati even if he lived 100 y. from here DN.i.117) or Conditional (tatra ce tumhe assatha kupitā DN.i.3), or Poten …

…SN.iii.60; AN.ii.232 (kaṇhassa kammassa pahānāya cetanā: intention to give up wrong-doing) Vv-a.72 (vadhaka-cetanā wilful murder);…

Cha & Chaḷ

(cha in composition effects gemination of consonant, e.g. chabbīsati = cha + vīsati, chabbaṇṇa cha + vaṇṇa, chaḷ only before vowels in compound chaḷanga, chaḷ-abhiññā) the number six.

…

Cha & Chaḷ

(cha in composition effects gemination of consonant, e.g. chabbīsati = cha + vīsati, chabbaṇṇa cha + vaṇṇa, chaḷ only before vowels in compound chaḷanga, chaḷ-abhiññā) the number six.

…

…Snp.87 (kankha˚), Snp.491, Snp.1021, Snp.1101 (taṇha˚); Vv-a.82 (id.).

…etc.) and fig. (taṇhaṃ, mohaṃ, āsavā saṃyojanāni, vicikicchaṃ, vanathaṃ, etc.) Freq. in similes: see J.P.T.S. 1907,…

Citta¹ & Citra

adjective variegated, manifold, beautiful; tasty, sweet, spiced (of cakes), Ja.iv.30 (geṇḍuka); Dhp.171 (rājaratha); Vv.47#9; Pv.ii.11#2 (aneka˚); Pv.iv.3#13 (pūvā = madhurā …

pestle, a mortar Vin.i.202 (in cuṇṇa˚ & dussa˚, cp. saṇha).

to cālana of calaka²

point, part, place, region, spot, country, Vin.i.46; Vin.ii.211; MN.i.437; Ja.i.308; Dhs-a.307 (˚bhūta); Pv-a.78 (˚antara prob. to be read dos˚), Pv-a.153 Kp-a.132, Kp-a.227
■ desaṃ karoti to …

god, a divine being; usually in pl. devā the gods. As title attributed to any superhuman being or beings regarded to be in certain respects above the human level. Thus primarily (see 1^a) …

Dhamma¹

masculine & rarely neuter constitution etc.

A. Definitions by Commentators

Bdhgh gives a fourfold meaning of the word dhamma (at DN-a.i.99; Dhp-a.i.22), viz. 1 guṇe ( …

adjective lawful, according to the Dh. or the rule; proper, fit, right permitted, legitimate, justified; righteous, honourable of good character, just, esp. an attr. of a righteous King (rājā cakkavat …

to hold, viz.

1. to carry, bear, wear, possess; to put on, to bring give DN.i.166≈(chavadussāni etc.); Vin.i.16 = DN.i.110 (telapajjotaṃ); DN.ii.19 (chattaṃ to hold a sunshade over a person); Pv-a.4 …

Diṭṭha¹

1. seen; a˚ not seen DN.i.222 (a˚ + avedita asacchikata); MN.i.3 sq. (diṭṭhaṃ diṭṭhato sañjānāti); Snp.147 (diṭṭhā vā ye vā addiṭṭhā), Snp.995 (na me diṭṭho ito pubbe na ssuto… Sat …

view, belief, dogma, theory, speculation, esp. false theory, groundless or unfounded opinion

1. The latter is rejected by the Buddha as pāpa˚; (AN.iv.172) and pāpikā d. (opp bhaddikā: AN.v.212 sq …

adjective noun

1. (adj. unpleasant, painful, causing misery (opp. sukha pleasant Vin.i.34; Dhp.117. Lit. of vedanā (sensation) MN.i.59 (˚ṃ vedanaṃ vediyamāna, see also below iii.1 …

ordinal number

1. (num.) the second, the following Ja.ii.102, Ja.ii.110 dutiyaṃ for the second time (cp. tatiyaṃ in series 1, 2 3) Vin.ii.188; DN.ii.155
2. (adj. n.) one who follows or is associated …

(-˚) adjective referring or belonging to the door of-; in cha ˚ā taṇhā, craving or fever, arising through the 6 doors (of the senses) Dhp-a.iv.221, & kāya˚
■ saṃvara control over the “bodily” d …

slave, often combined w. f. dāsī. Def. by Bdhgh as “antojāto” (DN-a.i.300), or as “antojātadhanakkīta-karamarânīta-sāmaṃ dāsabyaṃ upagatānaṃ aññataro” (ibid. DN-a.i.168)
■ In phrase *dāsā ca kam …

(and gaddūla) a leather strap SN.iii.150; Ja.ii.246; Ja.iii.204; fig, in taṇhā-gaddūla “the leash of thirst,” Nd ii.on jappā (taṇhā) = Dhs.1059 = Vb.361, cp. Dhs-a.367.

Gaha¹

a house, usually in compounds (see below). Ja.iii.396 (= the layman’s life; Com. geha).

• -kāraka a house-builder, metaph. of taṇhā (cp. kāya as geha) Dhp.153, …

adjective seizing, taking; acquiring; (n.) seizure, grasp, hold, acquisition Vism.114 (in detail) usually -˚: nāma˚-divase on the day on which a child gets its name (lit. acquiring a name) Ja.i.199, …

(and gahīta Dhp.311) adjective seized. taken, grasped DN.i.16; DN-a.i.107 (= ādinna, pavattita) Ja.i.61; Ja.iv.2; Pv-a.43 (variant reading for text gaṇhita)
■ nt a grasp, grip Dhp-a.iii.175
■ g …

smell, viz.

1. odour, smell, scent in gen Ja.iii.189; Dhp.54–Dhp.56 = Mil.333; Dhs.605 under ghānâyatanāni); āma˚ smell of raw flesh AN.i.280; DN.ii.242; Snp.241 sq; maccha˚ the scent of fish Ja.iii. …

(in BB often misspelt gandha)

1. a bond, fetter, trammel; always fig. and usually referring to and enumerated as the four bodily ties, or knots (kāya˚, see under kāya): SN.v.59 = Dh …

1. adj.
   1. lit. heavy, opp. lahu light, applied to bhāra, a load SN.iii.26; Ja.i.196 (= bhārika); Ja.vi.420; Dhp-a.i.48; Sdhp.494 (rūpagarubhāra the heavy load of “form”). Compa …

gone, in all meanings of gacchati (q.v.) viz.

1. literal. gone away, arrived at, directed to (c. acc.), opp ṭhita: gate ṭhite nisinne (loc. abs.) when going standing, sitting down (cp. gacchati 1) DN …

to get seized, to be taken (see gaṇhāti); p.pres. gayhamāna being caught Dhp-a.iii.175 (˚ka)
grd gayha.

Pass. to gaṇhāti

…from three bases, viz.

1. gaṇha- (Sk. gṛhṇā-);
   ■ Pres.: ind. gaṇhāti (gaṇhāsi Pv-a.87)
   pot gaṇheyya,
   imper…

…from three bases, viz.

1. gaṇha- (Sk. gṛhṇā-);
   ■ Pres.: ind. gaṇhāti (gaṇhāsi Pv-a.87)
   pot gaṇheyya,
   imper…

mouthful Ja.i.249 (khīra˚). Ganhati & Ganhati;

cp. Sk. gaṇḍūṣa

Gedha¹

greed. Its connection with craving and worldly attachment is often referred to. Kāmesu g˚ SN.i.73; Snp.152; AN.iii.312 sq. (gedho pañcann’ etaṃ kāmaguṇānaṃ adhivacanaṃ). gedhataṇhā …

dwelling, hut, house the household Ja.i.145, Ja.i.266, Ja.i.290; Ja.ii.18, Ja.ii.103, Ja.ii.110, Ja.ii.155 Ja.vi.367; Vism.593; Pv-a.22, Pv-a.62, Pv-a.73, Pv-a.82; fig. of kāya (body) Thag.184 = D …

ancestry, lineage. There is no word in English for gotta. It includes all those descended, or supposed to be descended, from a common ancestor. A gotta name is al …

1. (n.) seizing, seizure, grip (cp. gaha): canda˚ suriya˚ an eclipse (lit. the moon, etc., being seized by a demon) DN.i.10 (= DN-a.i.95: Rāhu candaṃ gaṇhāti). Esp. applied to the sphere of the mind …

to cause to take; to cause to be seized or fetched; to remove. Aor, gāhāpesi Ja.i.53; Ja.ii.37; gāhāpayi Pv.iv.1#42
ger gāhāpetvā Ja.i.166; Ja.ii.127; Ja.iii.281; Dhp-a.i.62 (patta-cīvaraṃ) With d …

…padasandhi); Pv.i.10#3 (= gaṇha Pv-a.49); Pv.ii.3#21 (= upasagg’atthe nipāta Pv-a.88); Dhp-a.i.16, Dhp-a.i.410 (handa je); Snp-a.200…

adjective menial; a retainer, in the phrase muṇḍakā samaṇakā ibbhā kaṇhā (kiṇhā) bandhupādāpaccā DN.i.90 (variant reading SS imbha T. kiṇhā, variant reading kaṇhā), DN.i.91, DN.i.103; MN.i.334 (ki …

debt DN.i.71, DN.i.73; AN.iii.352; AN.v.324 (enumerated with baddha, jāni & kali); Snp.120; Ja.i.307; Ja.ii.388, Ja.ii.423; Ja.iii.66; Ja.iv.184 (iṇagga for nagga?) Ja.v.256; Ja.v.253 (where enumerate …

adjective miserable, wretched, contemptible Ja.ii.110; Ja.iii.99 (= lāmaka) f. -ī SN.v.217; Dhp.335, Dhp.336 (of taṇhā); Ja.ii.428; Ja.v.421; Dhp-a.iv.44 (= lāmakā).

Vedic *jālma (?), dialectical?

desire, lust, greed, attachment, hunger (cp. Nd ii.on taṇhā) SN.i.123 (bhava-lobha˚) Snp.1033; Cnd.250; Ne.12; Dhs.279, Dhs.1059.

to jappati

Jāla¹

neuter a net; netting, entanglement (lit. or fig.): snare, deceptíon (= māyā)

A. Lit

Cnd.260 (= suttajāla, a plaiting of threads); Snp-a.115 Snp-a.263 (= suttamaya) DN. …

adjective noun “having a net,” ensnaring, deceptive:

1. lit. a fisherman Ja.ii.178
2. fig. usually in f -inī of tanhā (ensnarer, witch) SN.i.107 = Dhp.180; AN.ii.211 Thag.162, Thag.908; Dhs.1059; …

1. As adj. n.un
   1. born, grown, arisen, produced (= nibbatta pātubhūta Cnd.256) Snp.576 (jātānaṃ maccānaṃ niccaṃ maraṇato bhayaṃ); jātena maccena kattabbaṃ kusalaṃ bahuṃ Dhp.53 = Mil.333; yakkhinī …

Jīva¹

adjective noun

1. the soul. Sabbe jīvā all the souls, enumerated with sattā pāṇā bhūta in the dialect used by the followers of Gosāla DN.i.53 (= DN-a.i.161 jīvasaññī). “taṃ jīvaṃ t …

…Dhs.640, Dhs.728, Dhs.859; Dhs-a.151; Vv-a.214 (= saṇha).

abstr. fr. prec.

Kalla¹ & Kalya

adjective

1. well, healthy, sound Vin.i.291.
2. clever, able, dexterous Mil.48 Mil.87.
3. ready, prepared Ja.ii.12, cp
   ■ citta.
4. fit proper, right SN.ii.13 (pañha)

…

1. a conch, a shell: saṇha-kambu-r-iva… sobhate su gīvā Thig.262 (for kampurī’va); s compounds
2. a ring or bracelet (made of shells or…

…kaṇha vipāka, sukka˚, kaṇhasukka akaṇha-asukka: DN.iii.230 = MN.i.389 = AN.ii.230 sq.; so sakena kammena nirayaṃ upapajjati Cnd.304#iii…

Kamyatā (-˚) & kammatā

(Nd) wish, desire, longing for, striving after; with inf. or equivalent kathetu˚ Vv-a.18; muñcitu˚ (+ paṭisankhā) Pts.i.60 Pts.i.65; Bdhd 123; asotu˚, adaṭṭhu˚ and adassana˚ …

Kamyatā (-˚) & kammatā

(Nd) wish, desire, longing for, striving after; with inf. or equivalent kathetu˚ Vv-a.18; muñcitu˚ (+ paṭisankhā) Pts.i.60 Pts.i.65; Bdhd 123; asotu˚, adaṭṭhu˚ and adassana˚ …

Kamyatā (-˚) & kammatā

(Nd) wish, desire, longing for, striving after; with inf. or equivalent kathetu˚ Vv-a.18; muñcitu˚ (+ paṭisankhā) Pts.i.60 Pts.i.65; Bdhd 123; asotu˚, adaṭṭhu˚ and adassana˚ …

Kamyatā (-˚) & kammatā

(Nd) wish, desire, longing for, striving after; with inf. or equivalent kathetu˚ Vv-a.18; muñcitu˚ (+ paṭisankhā) Pts.i.60 Pts.i.65; Bdhd 123; asotu˚, adaṭṭhu˚ and adassana˚ …

…hair Ja.v.205, also as sukaṇha-kaṇha-sīsa Ja.v.202 (cp. susukāḷa). -jaṭi an ascetic with dark & glossy hair Ja.vi.507, cp….

…dve kappā diṭṭhi˚ taṇha˚). -jāla the consumption of the kappa by fire, the end of a kappa Dpvs.i.61. -ṭṭha…

…day-maker, i.e. the sun; kaṇhabhāva˚ causing a “black” existence (of pāpakamma) Ja.iv.9; padasandhi˚ forming a hiatus Pv-a.52;…

…k˚ to steal Vin.i.75; taṇhaṃ k˚ (c. loc.) to desire Ja.i.5 sītaṃ k˚ to cool DN.ii.129
■ It is often comp^d with nouns…

1. conversing, talking Ja.i.299; Ja.iii.459; Ja.vi.340.
2. telling i.e. answering solving (a question) Ja.v.66 (pañha˚).
3. preaching Dhp-a.i.7.
4. reciting, narrating Kacc.130. Cp. kathita- *akatha …

1. talk talking, conversation AN.i.130; Pv-a.39. So in antarā˚ DN.i.179; Snp.p.107, Snp.p.115; cp. sallāpa. Also in tiracchāna˚; low, common speech, comprising 28 kinds of conversational talk a b …

one who makes or creates, a maker, doer; in foll. construction.

I. Dependent

Either in verb-function with acc., as n. agent to all phrases with karoti e.g. pañhaṃ karo …

…(should it be kaṇha˚? cp. paṃsukita, malaggakita; kita = kata) spoiled, rusty, blunt Vin.ii.115 (of needles); dirty, mouldy…

Kaṭa¹

a mat: see compounds & kaṭallaka.

• -sara a reed: Saccharum Sara, used as medicine Dhs-a.78.
• -sāra (Dhp-a.i.268) & *[sāraka](/define/sāraka …

…(of Gotama DN.i.115; cp. kaṇha and kalyāṇa; Pv-a.26
■ The hair of Petas is long and dishevelled Pv-a.56; Sdhp.103 it is the only cover…

of rich hair, of beautiful hair. Epithet of King Vāsudeva (cp. kaṇha) Pv.ii.6#2.

fr. last

(= khādiyati, Pass. of khādati; Dhtm.93 bhakkhaṇa)

1. to be eaten, chewed, eaten up, as by animals upacikāhi Vin.ii.113; suṇakhehi Pv.iii.7#8; puḷavehi Ja.iii.177; cp. Pv.iv.5#2 (cut in two)
2. to be …

attendant, companion, charioteer, the king’s minister and adviser (Lat. satelles “satellite” has been compared for etym.) DN.i.112 (= DN-a.i.280, kh˚ vuccati pucchita-pucchita-pañhaṃ vyākaraṇa-sam …

…jāti˚, jīvita˚ taṇha˚, dukkha˚, puñña˚, bhava˚, loka˚, saṃyojana sabbadhamma˚, samudda˚.

• -ātīta gone beyond,…

hunger Snp.52 (+ pipāsā Cnd s. v. kh˚ vuccati chātako), Snp.966; Pv.i.6#4 (= jighacchā), Pv.ii.1#5 (+ taṇhā), Pv.ii.2#4; Pv-a.72. See khuppipāsā.

Sk. kṣudh & kṣudhā, also BSk. kṣud in kṣuttarṣa hu …

to chew, bite, eat devour (= Ger. fressen); to destroy
pres Dhp.240; Ja.i.152 (sassāni); Ja.iii.26; Pv.i.6#3 (puttāni, of a Petī), Pv.i.9#4
■ kaṭṭhaṃ kh˚ to use a toothpick Ja.i.80, Ja.i.282, dant …

Kilesa & klesa

stain, soil, impurity, fig. affliction; in a moral sense, depravity, lust. Its occurrence in the Piṭakas is rare; in later works, very frequent, where it is approx. tantamount to our t …

worm, vermin: setā kimī kaṇhasīsā AN.iii.241; Mil.272; DN-a.i.199
■ As animal of death and putrefaction MN.i.507; Ja.i.146; Snp.201; esp…

Kitava & kitavā

one who plays false; a cheat; adj. deceitful SN.i.24; Ja.v.116; Ja.v.117 (a˚)
■ kitavā at Dhp.252 (= Dhp-a.iii.375) in combination with saṭha also at Ja.vi.228, …

Kitava & kitavā

one who plays false; a cheat; adj. deceitful SN.i.24; Ja.v.116; Ja.v.117 (a˚)
■ kitavā at Dhp.252 (= Dhp-a.iii.375) in combination with saṭha also at Ja.vi.228, …

…a moral sense = bad, wicked, with nâlam-ariyā dhammā DN.i.163.

see kaṇha; DN-a.i.254 kiṇhā ti kaṇhā, kāḷakā ti attho

Kilesa & klesa

stain, soil, impurity, fig. affliction; in a moral sense, depravity, lust. Its occurrence in the Piṭakas is rare; in later works, very frequent, where it is approx. tantamount to our t …

adjective

1. having a point or a top, with ref. to the human teeth as eka˚, dvi˚; ti˚, catu˚, or teeth with one, two, etc., points Vism.251.
2. having an end or climax SA on pariyanta (see KS. p. …

(kud-and kum-) 3rd stem of interrog. pron. ka (on form and meaning cp. kad; = Lat.* qṷu in (qṷ)ubi, like katara

1. Kuto where from? whence? Dhp.62; k˚bhayaṃ whence i.e. why fear? Dhp.212 sq.; Sn …

(nt.; but poetic pl. kulā Pv.ii.9#43)

1. clan a high social grade, “good family,” cp. Gr. (doric) φυά, Goth. kuni. A collection of cognates and agnates, in sense of Ohg. sippa, clan; “house” in sense …

young boy, son Snp.685 sq. (kuhiṃ kumāro aham api daṭthukāmo: w. ref. to the child Gotama); Pv.iii.5#2; Pv-a.39, Pv-a.41 (= māṇava) daharo kumāro MN.ii.24, MN.ii.44
■ a son of (-˚) rāja˚ Pv-a.16 …

young girl Vin.ii.10; Vin.v.129 (thulla˚); AN.iii.76; Ja.iii.395 (daharī k˚); Pp.66 (itthī vā k˚ vā).

• -pañha obtaining oracular answers from a girl supposed to be possessed by a …

…Ja.i.89, and sukaṇhakaṇha Ja.v.202
■ susukāḷakesa of others than the Buddha: MN.ii.66. Modern editors and lexicographers…

…˚pipāsa, ˚pariḷāha ˚taṇha. See also kāma-chanda below under compounds. In connection with synonyms it may be noticed that most of the…

adjective

1. having kāma, i.e. enjoying pleasure, gratifying one’s own desires in kāma-kāmin realizing all wishes; attr. of beings in one of the Sugatis the blissful states, of Yakkhas, Devas or D …

group, heap, collection, aggregate, body

Definitions and synonyms

Snp-a.31 gives the foll. synonyms and similes of kāya: kuṭī, guhā (Snp.772), deha, sandeha (Dhp.148 = Thag.20), nāvā (Dhp.3 …

…Ja.i.89, and sukaṇhakaṇha Ja.v.202
■ susukāḷakesa of others than the Buddha: MN.ii.66. Modern editors and lexicographers…

…vigata˚; (same) AN.iii.49
■ A black spot (of hair) Ja.v.197 (= kaṇha-r-iva)
■ Fig. of character Dhp-a.iv.172.

fr. kāḷa

…or desanā kūtaṃ gaṇhanto “leading up to the climax of the instruction” Ja.i.275, Ja.i.393, Ja.i.401 Ja.v.151; Ja.vi.478;…

1. a slender tree, a creeping plant, creeper AN.i.202 (māluvā˚); Vv.35#5 (= vallī Vv-a.162) Vv.47#4 (kosātakī l.); Ja.i.464 (rukkha˚, here perhaps better “branch”); Dhp-a.i.392 (˚pasādhana: see unde …

…megha-saddena gabbhaṃ gaṇhantī ti* “the cranes conceive by the sound of the cloud,” meghasaddo balākānaṃ pitā megho pitāmaho ti…

…megha-saddena gabbhaṃ gaṇhantī ti* “the cranes conceive by the sound of the cloud,” meghasaddo balākānaṃ pitā megho pitāmaho ti…

1. smearing, plastering, coating over Vin.iv.303 (bāhira˚); Ja.ii.25 (mattikā˚).
2. (fig.) plaster, i.e. that which sticks, affection, attachment, etc., in taṇhā˚ the stain of craving, & diṭṭhi˚; …

greediness, covetousness, self-indulgence, desire; in the language of the Abhidhamma often syn. with jappā or taṇhā. At Dhs-a.365 loluppa is treated as an adj. …

receiving, getting, acquisition, gain, possession; pl. possessions DN.i.8; DN.ii.58, DN.ii.61; MN.i.508 (ārogya-paramā lābhā); MN.iii.39; AN.i.74; AN.iv.157 sq., AN.iv.160 (lābhena abhibhūto pariyādi …

…Mhvs.3, Mhvs.13.

• -taṇha (adj.) very thirsty Ja.ii.441.
• -tala “great surface,” the large flat roof on the…

selfishness, self-love, egoism; conceit, pride in (-˚), attachment to (-˚). Snp.806, Snp.871 Snp.951; Thag.717; Mnd.49 (two: taṇhā & diṭṭhi˚); Cnd.499 (id. but as masc.); Snp-a.276; Dhs-a.199; Pv …

conceit Mnd.124 (taṇhā˚, diṭṭhi˚, māna˚, kilesa˚ etc.); Dhs.1116 Dhs.1233; Ne.24; Vism.265 (for mañcanā?).

fr. man

adjective auspicious prosperous, lucky, festive Mnd.87, Mnd.88; Kp-a.118 sq. Snp-a.273, Snp-a.595; Sdhp.551
■ nt. maṅgalaṃ good omen auspices, festivity Snp.258; Vin.ii.129; Pv-a.17. A curious …

adjective (-˚)

1. one who is feasting in, one whose auspices are such & such; fond of; only in kotūhala˚; fond of excitement Ja.i.372; Mil.94 (apagata˚, without passion for excitement).
2. superst …

adjective

1. made of ram(s) horn, said of a (very strong) bow Ja.ii.88 (˚dhanu); Ja.v.128 (˚singadhanu).
2. belonging to a ram, in meṇḍaka-pañha “question about the ram” Mil.90 alluding to the sto …

adverb wrongly, in a wrong way, wrong-, false Snp.438 (laddho yaso), Snp.815 (paṭipajjati leads a wrong course of life, almost syn with anariyaṃ. Illustrated by “pāṇaṃ hanati, adinnaṃ ādiyati, sandhi …

…stifle Ja.iii.414 (taṇhaṃ)
pp milāta.

Vedic mlā, to become soft; ldg. *melā & *mlei;, as in Gr….

…Dhp.348 (muñca, viz. taṇhaṃ Dhp-a.iv.63); Ja.v.453 (peta-rāja-visayaṃ). 8. An idiomatic (late) use of the ger….

the fist Vv-a.206 muṭṭhī katvā gaṇhāti to take by making a fist, i.e. clutch tightly, clenching one’s fist Ja.vi.331
■ muṭṭhiṃ akāsi he made a fist (as sign) Ja.vi.364. As-˚ often meaning “han …

…are given with Kaṇha Adhipati, Antaka, Namuci, Pamattabandhu at Mnd.489 = Cnd.507; the two last ones also at Mnd.455. The usual…

adj. nt.

1. (adj.)
   1. (-˚) being caused by, having its reason through or from, conditioned by originating in Vb.390 (taṇhā˚ dhammā); Tikp.233 sq. Tikp.252 sq., Tikp.288 sq. & passim; Vb-a.200 sq …

the stars or constellations, a conjunction of the moon with diff. constellations, a lunar mansion or the constellations of the lunar zodiac, figuring also as Names of months & determinant factors of h …

…(tīsu bhavesu parikkhīnataṇha Dhp-a.iv.192 = Snp-a.469 SN.i.2 SN.i.53 Snp.175 Snp.637 = Dhp.413;

• - mukhī (adj. f.) “joyfaced,”…

…upādānakkhaya, taṇhakkhaya, asammoha) Vin.i.183; AN.iii.376;

• -ābhirata fond of renunciation AN.iv.224 AN.v.175; Pts.ii.173; *…

…niccola without clothes, ˚ttaṇha (without thirst), ˚ppurisa (without a man), ˚pphala (without fruit); niccala motion-less, ˚kkaruṇa…

…Thag.691, although the latter has nibbanaṃ in text) explained by “nittaṇhabhāvaṃ nibbānam eva upagataṃ Vv-a.213.

Sk. nirvana

penetration, insight; adj.: penetrating, piercing, scrutinising, sharp. Freq. in phrase nibbedha-bhāgiya (sharing the quality of penetration), with ref. to samādhi, saññā etc. [cp. BSk nirvedha˚ Di …

…vaṭṭûpacchedo taṇhakkhayo virāgo nirodha nibbānaṃ), cp Vin.iii.20≈. Similarly SN.i.192 (Sugataṃ payirupāsati desentaṃ…

…to be read as vibodheti.

ni +…

having no hunger, being without cravings, stilled, satisfied. Epithet of an Arahant always in combination with nibbuta or parinibbuta: SN.iii.26 (tanhaṃ a …

1. restraint, control, rebuke, censure, blame Vin.ii.196; AN.i.98, AN.i.174; AN.v.70; Ja.v.116 (opp. paggaha); Ja.vi.371 (id.) Mil.28, Mil.45, Mil.224
   ■ dun˚; hard to control (citta) Dhp.35 (cp …

Niggayha-vādin

adjective one who speaks rebukingly, censuring, reproving, resenting Dhp.76 (see explⁿ in detail at Dhp-a.ii.107 & cp. MN.iii.118).

see niggaṇhāti

to be seized by (?), to be blamed for Dhp-a.i.295 (cittaṃ dukkhena n., in explⁿ of dunniggaha).

Sk. nigṛhyate, ni + gayhati, Pass. of niggaṇhāti

1. to hold back, restrain Dhp.326; Ja.iv.97; Mil.184; Vism.133
   ■ Opp paggaṇhāti.
2. to rebuke, censure (c. instr.) AN.iii.187; Ja.iii.222; Mil.9 (musāvādena); Dhp-a.i.29. …

destruction, killing, rooting out Snp.1085 (taṇhā˚; Snp-a.576 = vināsana); Cnd.343 (variant reading nighātana).

Sk. nirghātana, nis + ghātana, but cp. nighāta

adjective noun one who rebukes, oppresses, oppressor Snp.118 (= bādhaka Snp-a.178, with variant reading ghātaka); Ja.iv.362 (= balisādhaka Com.).

ni + gāhaka, see niggaṇhāti

…Ne.95 paṭipadā.

• -taṇha (adj.) of consuming thirst, very thirsty Ja.i.44
• -taṇhika = ˚taṇha denoting a class of Petas (q.v….

adjective to be discriminated or understood, in dun˚; hard to… Mil.141 (pañha).

Sk. *ni-dhyāpya, to nijjhāpeti

adjective free from greed or desires Snp.56 (= Cnd.362 nittaṇha); Ja.v.358.

nis + loluppā

adjective free from greed or desires Snp.56 (= Cnd.362 nittaṇha); Ja.v.358.

nis + loluppā

1. sign, omen, portent, prognostication DN.i.9 (study of omens = n. satthaṃ DN-a.i.92, q.v. for detailed explⁿ); Ja.i.11 (caturo nimitte nâddasaṃ); Mil.79, Mil.178 Esp. as pubba˚; signs …

oppression, suppression; destruction, cessation annihilation (of senses, consciousness, feeling being in general: sankhārā). Bdhgh’s explⁿ of the word is: “ni-saddo abhāvaṃ, rodha-saddo c …

…(anigha +), Snp.1078 (id.); Cnd.360; Pp.27; Pv.iv.1#33 (= nittaṇha Pv-a.230). See also amama.

nis + āsā

…not hanging on to, not clinging or attached to (c. loc.) Snp.851 (= nittaṇha Snp-a.549); Mnd.221.

adj. to pp. āsatta¹ with nis

…(variant reading BB nirāsāsa; explained by nittaṇha).

nis + āsaya, fr. śri

that on which anything depends, support help, protection; endowment, resource, requisite, supply foundation, reliance on (acc. or-˚) Vin.i.58 (the four resources of bhikkhu, viz. piṇḍiyālopa-bhojana …

sitting down, occasion or opportunity to sit, a mat to sit on Vin.i.295 Vin.ii.123 (˚ena vippavasati); SN.v.259 (˚ṃ gaṇhāti). -paccattharaṇa a mat for sitting on Vin.i.47, Vin.i.295; Vin.ii.209 Vin …

…free from thirst or desire, desireless Pv-a.230 (= nirāsa) f. abstr. nitthaṇhatā Ne.38.

BSk. niṣṭṛṣṇa (Divy.210 etc.), nis +…

1. entering, entrance, settling; settlement, abode, house home DN.i.205, DN.i.226; DN.ii.127; Ja.i.294; Ja.ii.160 (˚ṭṭhāna) Pv-a.22, Pv-a.81, Pv-a.112.
2. (fig.) (also nivesanā f.: Cnd.366 settli …

…Freq in ster. phrase “pubbaṇhasamayaṃ nivāsetvā patta- cīvaram ādāya…,” describing the setting out on his round of the bhikkhu;…

name.

1. Literal. nom. nāmaṃ SN.i.39; Snp.808; Ja.ii.131; Mil.27; acc. nāmaṃ Pv-a.145 (likhi: he wrote her name)
   ■ nāmaṃ karoti to give a name Snp.344 Cnd.466 (n’ etaṃ nāmaṃ mātarā kataṃ on “ …

…DN.i.240.

fr….

…eye: nīla pītaka lohitaka kaṇha odāta (Cnd.235, I^a under cakkhumā); which goes even so far as to be used simply in the sense of…

1. (rare in the old texts) a flood of water Vv-a.48 (udak’ ogha); usually as mahogha a great flood Dhp.47; Vism.512; Vv-a.110; Dhp-a.ii.274 = Thag-a.175.
2. (always in sg.) th …

Okāsa

1. lit. “visibility”, (visible) space as geometrical term, open space, atmosphere, air as space DN.i.34 (ananto okāso); Vism.184 (with disā pariccheda), Vism.243 (id.); Pv-a.14 (okāsaṃ pharitvā …

to make smooth, to smooth out, comb or brush down (hair) Vin.ii.107 (kese); Ja.iv.219 (id.).

o + saṇheti, denom. fr. saṇha

Pa˚

indeclinable directional prefix of forward motion, in applied sense often emphasising the action as carried on in a marked degree or even beyond its mark (cp. Ger. ver-in its function of Goth. f …

lit. resting on, falling back on, foundation cause, motive etc. See on term as t.t. of philosophy Tikapaṭṭhāna I, foreword; J.P.T.S. 1916, 21 f.; Cpd. 42 sq. & esp. 259 sq.

1. (lit.) support, req …

1. to strive, exert DN.iii.221 (cittaṃ paggaṇhāti p.); Pv-a.31 (yoniso p.).
2. to confront take up, fight against, stand Ja.vi.508 (usīraṃ muñjapubbajaṃ urasā padahessāmi “I shall stand against the g …

Paggaha & Paggāha

1. exertion, energy.
   1. paggaha: DN.iii.213 (variant reading paggāha, also ˚nimitta) Pts.ii.8 (˚cariyā), Pts.ii.20 (˚ṭṭha); DN-a.i.63 (viriy-indriyassa ˚lak …

stretching forth, lifting, holding out; of the hands as sign of respectful salutation (cp. añjaliṃ paggaṇhāti) Ja.iii.82-Abstr. -tā = paggaha 1. Vism.134.

fr. pa + gṛh, cp. paggaṇhāti

holding up, or (being) held up Vin.ii.131 (chatta˚ holding up a parasol,) Vin.ii.207 (id.); Ja.vi.235; Snp-a.175 (= Snp.p.21).

pp. of paggaṇhāti, cp. BSk. pragṛhīta lofty Divy.7, Divy.102

…mind) SN.v.9; Pts.ii.20 (paggaṇhanto viriyena carati)

pp paggahita (q.v.)
caus paggaheti to exert Mil.390 (mānasaṃ)…

Paggaha & Paggāha

1. exertion, energy.
   1. paggaha: DN.iii.213 (variant reading paggāha, also ˚nimitta) Pts.ii.8 (˚cariyā), Pts.ii.20 (˚ṭṭha); DN-a.i.63 (viriy-indriyassa ˚lak …

…AN.ii.26 AN.ii.232 (kaṇhassa kammassa ˚āya). AN.iii.431 Snp.374 Snp.1106 (= vūpasama paṭinissagga etc Cnd.429) Dhp.331 Ja.i.79…

fixing one’s attention on, planning, designing, scheme, arrangement Snp.945 (cp Mnd.72 Mnd.186, where two pakappanā’s, viz. taṇhā˚ diṭṭhi˚; at Mnd.429 it is synonymous with taṇhā Bdhgh has reading pak …

…doublets are sukhuma & saṇha; as regards etym. cp Av. pasnem eyelid, Gr. πέκτω to comb, πόκος fleece, Lat pecto to comb, pecten…

…moonless one kāḷa˚ (or kaṇha˚) MN.i.20 (cātuddasī pañcadasī aṭṭhamī ca pakkhassa 14^th, 15^th & 8^th…

greed, conceit, selfishness AN.i.66; Nd ii.taṇhā ii.(gedha +); Dhs.1059, Dhs.1136.

pali + gedha but acc. to Geiger, P.Gr. § 10 = parigṛddha

1. obstacle, impediment, a burden which causes delay hindrance, delay Dhp-a.i.18; Dhp-a.ii.91 (kathā˚). ˚ṃ karoti to delay, to tarry Ja.iv.145; ˚ṃ akatvā without delay Ja.i.260; Ja.vi.392
   ■ ati …

comprehension Ja.ii.7 (˚paññā comprehensive wisdom).

fr. parigaṇhāti

(& Pariggaheti Caus.)

1. to embrace, seize, take possession of, hold, take up MN.i.80 MN.i.137; Ja.iii.189; DN-a.i.45.
2. to catch, grasp Dhp-a.i.68.
3. to go all round Dhp-a.i.91 (sakala-jambu …

1. wrapping round, enclosing Thag.419 (? cp. Brethren 217 n. 6).
2. taking up, seizing on, acquiring, acquisition, also in bad sense of “grasping” Snp.779 (= taṇhā and diṭṭhi˚ Mnd.57) Pts.i.172; Pts …

taken, seized, taken up, haunted, occupied Vin.iii.51 (manussānaṃ p. by men), Vin.iv.31, Vin.iv.278; Dhp-a.i.13 (amanussa˚ by ghosts); Pv-a.87 Pv-a.133; Sdhp.64
■ f. abstr, -tā being possessed …

to question AN.v.16.

denom. fr. pari + pañha

to induce someone to mention or relate something Ja.vi.328.

pari + Caus. of sangaṇhāti

adjective very smooth or soft Mil.198.

pari + saṇha

Paritassati (˚tasati)

to be excited, to be tormented, to show a longing after, to be worried DN.ii.68; MN.i.36, MN.i.67, MN.i.151; SN.ii.82, SN.ii.194; SN.iii.43, SN.iii.55; SN.iv.23, SN.iv.65, SN.iv …

Paritassati (˚tasati)

to be excited, to be tormented, to show a longing after, to be worried DN.ii.68; MN.i.36, MN.i.67, MN.i.151; SN.ii.82, SN.ii.194; SN.iii.43, SN.iii.55; SN.iv.23, SN.iv.65, SN.iv …

1. limit, end, climax, border SN.i.80 (manāpa˚ “limit-point in enjoyment”; cp. C. nipphattikaṃ koṭikaṃ K.S. 320) Ja.i.149 (hattha-pāda˚ hoofs), Ja.i.221 (udaka˚), Ja.i.223 (sara˚), Ja.ii.200 (anga …

1. adequacy, accomplishment, sufficiency capability, competency; indriya-paro˚; efficiency in the (knowledge of) thoughts of others SN.v.205; Ne.101 Three accomplishments are distinguished at DN-a …

state of being possessed (or hindered) by (-˚), prepossession bias, outburst MN.i.18, Kvu xiv.6 (thīnamiddha˚), MN.i.136; AN.i.66 (˚ajjhosāna); AN.v.198 (adhiṭṭhāna-˚samuṭṭhāna) Nd ii.under taṇhā<su …

burning, fever; fig fever of passion, consumption, distress, pain DN.iii.238 (avigata˚), DN.iii.289 (˚nānatta); MN.i.101 (kāme); SN.ii.143 sq (˚nānatta), SN.ii.151 (kāma˚; vyāpāda˚, vihiṃsā˚); SN.iii. …

to touch, hold on to, deal with, take up, to be attached or fall a victim to (acc.) Vin.ii.47, Vin.ii.195, Vin.ii.209; DN.i.17; MN.i.257; SN.iii.110; Ja.iv.138; in combination with gaṇhāti & nandati ( …

touching contact, being attached to, hanging on, being under the influence of, contagion (Dhs. trsl. 316). In Asl.49, Bdhgh analyses as parato āmasantīti parāmāsā: p. means “they handle dhamma’s *as …

aiming at, wish, desire, request aspiration, prayer SN.ii.99, SN.ii.154; AN.i.224; AN.iii.47; AN.v.212 Mnd.316, Mnd.337 (p. vuccati taṇhā); Cnd.112; Ne.18, Ne.27; Dhs.1059; Mil.3; Snp-a.47, Snp-a.50 …

…nīla, pītaka, lohitaka, kaṇha, odāta (of B’s eye) Cnd.235#I.a; others with ref. to paduma-puṇḍarīka Vv-a.41; to paduma…

mode of asking, inquiry, investigation, question DN.i.11 (deva˚) MN.i.83; MN.iii.30; AN.i.103, AN.i.288; AN.iii.81, AN.iii.191 sq. AN.iii.419 sq.; AN.v.50 sq.; Snp.512, Snp.957, Snp.1005, Snp.1024, Sn …

1. counterpart, likeness, resemblance Cnd. s.v.; Vism.125 (˚nimitta, imitative mental reflex, memory-image); Snp-a.65, Snp-a.76, Snp-a.83, Snp-a.114, Snp-a.265; Pv-a.46, Pv-a.178, Pv-a.279. 2 …

to appear, to be evident, to come into one’s mind, to occur to one, to be clear (cp. Vin Texts ii.30) SN.i.155 (˚tu taṃ dhammikathā); SN.v.153 (T reads patibbāti); Snp.450 (p. maṃ = mama bhāgo pakās …

Paṭicca-samuppāda

“arising on the grounds of (a preceding cause)” happening by way of cause working of cause & effect, causal chain of causation causal genesis, dependent origination, theory of the …

Paṭiggaṇhāti (paṭigaṇhāti)

to receive, accept, take (up) DN.i.110 (vatthaṃ), DN.i.142; Vin.i.200 Vin.ii.109, Vin.ii.116 (a sewing-needle); SN.iv.326 (jātarūpa-rajataṃ); Snp.479, Snp.689, Snp.690; D …

1. receiving, acceptance; one who receives, recipient Ja.i.146; Ja.ii.9; Ja.vi.474; Pv.iii.1#11
2. friendly reception Ja.vi.526.
3. receptacle (for water etc.) Vin.ii.115, Vin.ii.213 (udaka˚).
4. a th …

acceptance, receiving, taking MN.iii.34; SN.v.472; Snp-a.341
■ accaya˚ acceptance of a sin, i.e. pardon, absolution Ja.v.380.

fr. paṭigganhāti

received, got, accepted, appropriated, taken Vin.i.206, Vin.i.214; Ja.vi.231
■ As appaṭiggahitaka (nt.) “that which is not received” at Vin.iv.90.

pp. of paṭigganhāti

one who receives, recipient DN.i.89.

n. ag. of paṭiggaṇhāti

adjective noun receiving, receiver Pv-a.175. Patigganhati (patiganhati)

paṭiggaṇhana (= paṭiggahaṇa) + ka

Paṭiggaṇhāti (paṭigaṇhāti)

to receive, accept, take (up) DN.i.110 (vatthaṃ), DN.i.142; Vin.i.200 Vin.ii.109, Vin.ii.116 (a sewing-needle); SN.iv.326 (jātarūpa-rajataṃ); Snp.479, Snp.689, Snp.690; D …

adjective noun receiving, accepting; one who receives, recipient Vin.ii.213; DN.i.138; AN.i.161; AN.ii.80 sq.; AN.iii.42, AN.iii.336; Ja.i.56; Pv-a.7, Pv-a.128, Pv-a.175 (opp. dāyaka); Vv-a.195; S …

reception, taking in Ja.vi.527.

fr. paṭiggaṇhāti

question in return, inquiry; only ˚-(as abl.) by question, by inquiry, by means of question & answer in foll. compounds: ˚karaṇīya Vin.i.325 -vinīta AN.i.72; -vyākaraṇīya (pañha) DN.iii.229.

p …

1. consideration, view Vb.325, Vb.328.
2. desire Ja.v.403 (p. vuccati taṇhā).
3. (or (pekkhaṃ?) show at a fair DN.i.6 (= naṭa-samajjā DN-a.i.84); see Dial. i.7, n. 4 and cp. J.R.A.S. 1903, 186. …

1. consideration, view Vb.325, Vb.328.
2. desire Ja.v.403 (p. vuccati taṇhā).
3. (or (pekkhaṃ?) show at a fair DN.i.6 (= naṭa-samajjā DN-a.i.84); see Dial. i.7, n. 4 and cp. J.R.A.S. 1903, 186. …

1. (adj.) throbbing, trembling, wavering Dhp.33 (phandanaṃ capalaṃ); Ja.vi.528 (˚māluvā trembling creeper) Dhp-a.i.50 (issa˚ throbbing with envy).
2. (m.) Name of a tree Dalbergia (aspen?) AN.i.202; …

…(as contrasted with majjhaṇha & sāyaṇha) DN.i.109, DN.i.226; AN.i.294; AN.iii.344; SN.i.76 (˚samayaṃ); Snp-a.139 (id.) Dhp-a.iii.98;…

adjective asking, questioning Dhs-a.2, Dhs-a.3 (pañha˚).

fr. pṛch

1. to ask, to question SN.i.207, SN.i.214; Vin.ii.207; Snp.995; Mnd.341 etc.
   pres 1^st sg. pucchāmi Snp.83, Snp.241, Snp.682, Snp.1043, Snp.1049 Cnd.447: Pv.ii.1#12.
   ■ 1^{st</ …}

shrivelled grain Mil.232 (sukka-yava˚ of dried barley); Dhp-a.ii.154 (SS; T. reads mūlakaṃ which is explained by Bdhgh as “nitthusaṃ katvā ussedetvā gahita-yava-taṇḍula vuccanti” ibid). Here bel …

is wrong reading at Dhs.1059 in taṇhā paraphrase (pattern 1 Nd ii.taṇhā) for mucchañcikatā. The readings of id. p. are puñcikatā Dh …

…Ja.v.419. 2. (m.) the fire SN.i.69; AN.iv.97; Dhp.71, Dhp.140; Ja.iv.26; Ja.v.63 (= kaṇha-vattanin) Ja.vi.236 (= aggi C.); Pv.i.8#5;…

Rasa¹

that which is connected with the sense of taste. The defⁿ given at Vism.447 is as follows “jivhā-paṭihanana-lakkhaṇo raso, jivhā-viññāṇassa visaya-bhāvo raso, tass’ ev …

1. dust; pl. reṇū particles of dust
   ■ Vin.i.32 (˚hatā bhūmi); Vism.338 = Mnd.505 = Ja.i.117 (rāgo rajo na ca pana reṇu vuccati); Ja.iv.362 (okiṇṇā raja-reṇūhi; C. explains by “paṃsūhi”); Mil.274 …

1. colour, hue; colouring, dye Vin.ii.107 (anga˚ “rougeing” the body bhikkhū angarāgaṃ karonti); Thag-a.78; Snp-a.315 (nānāvidha˚).
2. (as t. t. in philosophy & ethics) excitement passion; seldom by …

form, figure, appearance, principle of form, etc.

1. Definitions. According to P. expositors rūpa takes its designation fr. ruppati, e.g. “ruppanato rūpaṃ” Vism.588; “ruppan’ a …

an arrow, dart MN.i.429 (˚ṃ āharati to remove the a); MN.ii.216; SN.iv.206; Ja.i.180 Ja.v.49; Snp.331, Snp.767; Mil.112; Vism.503 (visa˚ sting of poison; cp. Vb-a.104 sallaṃ viya vitujjati); often me …

…paṭhaman salākaṃ gaṇhanto taking the first vote, first rate AN.i.24; salākaṃ gāheti to issue tickets, to take a vote Vin.ii.205;…

1. to reach, to get, obtain; ger. samadhiggayha MN.i.506; MN.ii.25; SN.i.86; Iti.16.
2. to exceed, surpass, to overcome, to master Ja.vi.261 (pañhaṃ samadhiggahetvā). Often confounded with *samatiga …

to stretch over, rise above, to reach beyond Ja.iv.411 (ger. samatiggayha).

saṃ + ati + gṛh

1. to exert, strain Dhs-a.372.
2. to show a liking for, to favour, befriend Ja.vi.294

pp sampaggahīta.

saṃ + pagganhāti

seized, taken up Snp.352, Snp.785, Snp.801, Snp.837, Snp.907; Mnd.76, Mnd.100, Mnd.193.

pp. of samuggaṇhāti

to seize, grasp, embrace; ger. samuggahāya Snp.797; Mnd.105
pp samuggahīta.

saṃ + uggaṇhati

moistened, wet, immersed SN.iv.158; cp. the similar passage AN.ii.211 with ref. to taṇhā as a snare (pariyonaddha).

saṃ + unna

to restrain SN.i.238.

saṃ + niggaṇhāti

…Ja.i.372; Ja.v.447 (kaṇha˚); Mnd.7; DN-a.i.197; Snp-a.13. Often in similes, e.g. Vism.161, Vism.587; Kp-a.144; Snp-a.226,…

…Mil.37. 2. having as (equal) counterparts, evenly mixed with MN.i.320 (kaṇhasukka˚); Mil.379 (id.).

sa³ + paṭibhāga

producing; f. -ī progenetrix (identical with taṇhā) Dhs.1059; Dhs-a.363.

1. to sink down, to lose heart DN.i.248; AN.iii.89 = Pp.65; Thag.681; Ja.ii.330.
2. to be at an end (said of a path, magga) Vin.iii.131; SN.i.1
   caus saṃsādeti: 1 to get tir …

bond, fetter SN.iv.163 etc.; especially the fetters that bind man to the wheel of transmigration Vin.i.183; SN.i.23; SN.v.241, SN.v.251; AN.i.264 AN.iii.443; AN.iv.7 sq. (diṭṭhi˚); MN.i.483; Dhp.370; …

adjective firm, well-supported Ja.v.484.

fr. sangaṇhāti

…(˚atta). 5. kindly disposed Vv.11#6 = Pv.iv.1#60 (˚attabhāva = paresaṃ sangaṇha-sīla Vv-a.59, i.e. of sympathetic nature).

pp. of…

…(˚atta). 5. kindly disposed Vv.11#6 = Pv.iv.1#60 (˚attabhāva = paresaṃ sangaṇha-sīla Vv-a.59, i.e. of sympathetic nature).

pp. of…

adjective showing kindness, helping Vv-a.59 (˚sīla).

fr. saṃ + grah

1. to comprise Pv-a.80, Pv-a.117; Snp-a.200 (ger. ˚gahetvā), Snp-a.347 (˚gaṇhitvā).
2. to collect Mhvs.10, Mhvs.24.
3. to contain, include Mil.40.
4. to compile, abridge Mhvs.37, Mhvs.244.
5. to t …

1. a raft Ja.ii.20, Ja.ii.332 (nāvā˚), Ja.iii.362 (id.), Ja.ii.371. Mil.376. dāru˚; (= nāvā˚) Ja.v.194 Ja.v.195.
2. junction, union Vv-a.233.
3. collection, aggregate Ja.iv.15 (upāhana˚); Thag.519 …

derivation & meaning very doubtful; Bdhgh’s explⁿ at Pp-a 231 is not to be taken as reliable, viz. “sankittetvā katabhattesu hoti. dubbhikkha-samaye kira acela-kāsāvakā acelakānaṃ atthāy …

adjective

1. smooth, soft Vin.i.202; Vin.ii.151; Vv.50#18 (= mudu Vv-a.213); Vism.260 = Kp-a.59 saṇhena softly Thag.460.
2. gentle, mild DN.ii.259; Snp.853; Ja.i.202, Ja.i.376; Mnd.234; Pv-a.56, …

…(of hair growing white “saṇhakasadisā”) according to Kern,

Toevoegselen

ii.69 (coarse) hempen cloth (= sāṇavāka), as indicated by…

to brush down, smooth (kese): only as cpd. o˚; at Vin.ii.107; Ja.iv.219.

Caus. fr. saṇha

art, branch of knowledge, craft Snp.261; AN.iii.225; AN.iv.281 sq., AN.iv.322; DN.iii.156, DN.iii.189; Ja.i.239, Ja.i.478; Mil.315; excludes the Vedas Mil.10 sabbasippāni Ja.i.356, Ja.i.463; Ja.ii.53; …

(nt. and m.) head, nom. siraṃ Thig.255, acc. siraṃ AN.i.141; siro Snp.768; sirasaṃ Ja.v.434; instr. sirasā Vin.i.4; DN.i.126; Snp.1027; loc. sirasmiṃ MN.i.32; sire DN-a.i.97; in compounds siro-AN.i. …

Sita¹

adjective sharp Dāvs i.32.

pp. of śā; Sk. śita

Sita²

1. (lit.) stuck in or to: hadaya˚ salla Snp.938; Mnd.412.
2. (fig.) reclining, resting, depending on, attached, cl …

…Snp.764; SN.i.136. -sāyaṇha a good, blissful evening AN.i.294. -sikkhita well learnt,…

Sukka¹

planet, star Ud. 9 = Ne.150; (nt.) semen, sukkavisaṭṭhi emission of semen Vin.ii.38; Vin.iii.112; Vin.iv.30; Kv.163.

Vedic śukra; fr. śuc

Sukka²

adjective white, bri …

…dogs in the Jātakas are Kaṇha (or Mahā˚) Ja.iv.183; Caturakkha Ja.iii.535; Jambuka Pingiya ibid.; Bhattabhuñjana Ja.ii.246. Cp….

Sutta¹

asleep Vin.iii.117; Vin.v.205; DN.i.70; DN.ii.130; Dhp.47; Iti.41; Ja.v.328
■ (nt.) sleep DN.ii.95; MN.i.448; SN.iv.169. In phrase --pabuddha “awakened from sleep” referring t …

violent, hasty Snp.329; (nt.) violence, arbitrary action, acts of violence Snp.943; Ja.vi.284; Mhvs.6, Mhvs.39; sāhasena arbitrarily AN.v.177 opp. a˚; ibid.; Dhp.257; Ja.vi.280. sāhasaṃ id. Ja.v …

…--kāle the same Ja.iv.120; sāyaṇhe (loc.) Ja.i.144 Ja.i.237; atisāyaṇha late evening Ja.vi.540.

sāyaṃ + aṇha, cp. Sk. sāyāhna

…yena tena upāyena gaṇha “catch him by whatever means (you like),” i.e. by all means Ja.ii.159; yaṃ taṃ kayirā “whatever he…

…dark spheres of life (cp. kaṇhajāta) or in a state of suffering (duggati) Snp.248 (pecca tamaṃ vajanti ye patanti sattā nirayaṃ…

adjective

1. trembling, frightened Ja.i.336 = Ja.i.344 (vakā, expl. at Ja.i.342 by tasita); perhaps the derived meaning of:
2. moving, running (cp. to meaning 1 & 2 Gr.; τρέω to flee & to tremble), a …

Tasati¹

to be thirsty fig. to crave for SN.ii.13; Mil.254
pp tasita¹. Cp pari˚.

Sk. tṛṣyati = Gr. τέρσομοι to dry up, Lat. torreo (= E. torrid, toast), Goth. gapairsan & gapa …

thirst; fig. craving (see taṇhā SN.v.54, SN.v.58; Cnd.479 (to be read for tasitā?); Dhp.342, Dhp.343.

Diaeretic form of taṇhā, cp. dosiṇā → juṇhā, kasiṇa → kṛtsṇa, etc.

…is represented by taṇha before double consonants, as taṇhakkhaya, etc.

• -ādhipateyya mastery over t….

to have thirst for SN.ii.13 (for variant reading SS tuṇhīyati; BB. tasati); Vism.544 (+ upādiyati ghaṭ yati); cp. tasati & pp. tasita.

= taṇhāyati, denom. fr. taṇhā, cp. Sk. tṛṣyati to have thirst

adverb three times (cp. tayo II. C 2), esp. in phrase vanditvā t. padakkhiṇaṃ katvā “having performed the reverent parting salutation 3 times” Vv-a.173, Vv-a.219; t. sāvesi he announced it 3 times J …

greed, desire; (adj.) greedy. Epithet of a pāpabhikkhu AN.v.149 (Com. tintiṇaṃ vuccati taṇhā, tāya samannāgato āsankābahulo vā); Vb.351 (tintiṇaṃ tintiṇāyanā, etc. = loluppaṃ). Tintinati & Tintinayati;

…or long nose SN.ii.284 cp. saṇha-tunga-sadisī nāsikā Thig.258;

• -vaṇṭaka having a long stalk; Name of a plant…

…annihilate SN.v.432 (bhavataṇhaṃ), AN.iv.17 (fut. ucchecchāmi to be read with variant reading for T. ucchejjissāmi); Snp.2 (pret….

…out, out of, away from-˚aṇha (“day-out”); ˚agga (“top-out”); ˚āgacchati; ˚ikkhati look out for, expect; ˚kantati tear out;…

day-break, dawn, sunrise Ja.v.155.

ud + aṇha

1. pointed out, appointed, set out, put forth, proposed, put down, codified MN.i.480 (pañha); Snp.p.91 (id. = uddesa-matten’ eva vutta, na vibhangena Snp-a.422); Snp-a.372.
2. appointed, dedicated …

adjective (-˚)

1. taking up, acquiring, learning Vism.96 (ācariy˚), Vism.99 (˚paripucchā), Vism.277 (kananaṭṭhānassa).
2. noticing, taking notice, perception (as opp. to manasikāra) Vism.125, Vism.2 …

learning, taking up, studying Pv-a.3 (sipp˚). As uggaṇhana at Vism.277.

fr. uggaṇhāti

one who takes up, acquires or learns AN.iv.196.

n. ag. to ugganhāti, Caus. uggaheti

taken up, taken, acquired Vin.i.212; Ja.iii.168 (˚sippa, adj.), Ja.iii.325; Ja.iv.220; Ja.vi.76; Vism.241. The metric form is uggahīta at Snp.795, Snp.833, Snp.1098 Mnd.175 = Cnd.152 (= gahita parām …

…Snp.791 (= gaṇhāti Mnd.91)
ger uggahāya Snp.837.

poetic form of uggaheti (see uggaṇhati), but according to Kern,

Toevoegselen

s. v….

…= uggahaṇanti = uggaṇhanti Snp-a.561); imper. uggaṇha Ja.ii.30 (sippaṃ); uggaṇhāhi Mil.10 (mantāni); ger….

adjective noun one who is eager to learn Ja.v.148 [cp. Mvu.iii.373 ogrāhaka in same context].

fr. ud + gṛh, see uggaṇhāti

see uggaṇhāti.

adjective

1. exalted, high, prominent, glorious, excellent, most freq. opp. to hīna in phrase hīna-m-ukkaṭṭha-majjhime Vin.iv.7; Ja.i.20 (verse 129), Ja.i.22 (verse 143); Ja.iii. …

being jumped on, set on C. on SN.i.40 (see K. S. i.318) (for uḍḍita = taṇhāya ullanghita).

pp. of ullangheti

1. putting down or under, foundation basis, ground, substratum (of rebirth) SN.i.117, SN.i.124 SN.i.134, SN.i.186; AN.ii.24 (˚sankhaya); AN.iii.382 (id.); AN.iv.150 (˚kkhaya); Iti.21, Iti.69; Snp.364, …

pointed out, put forth, specified Mil.144 (pañha).

pp. of upadisati

taking up, keeping up. meditating Mil.37.

abstr. of upa + gṛh

to take up (for meditation) Mil.38.

upa + gaṇhāti

nt.

1. (lit.) that (material) substratum by means of which an active process is kept alive or going), fuel, supply, provision; adj. (-˚) supported by, drawing one’s existence from SN.i.69; SN.ii.85 …

this word is beset with difficulties, the phrase satt-ussada is applied in all kinds of meanings, evidently the result of an original application & meaning having become obliterated satt˚ is taken as …

Ussāva¹

hoarfrost, dew DN.ii.19; Ja.iv.120; Ja.v.417; -bindu a dew drop AN.iv.137; Pv.iv.1#5; Snp-a.458; in comparisons: Vism.231, Vism.633.

either = Sk. avaśyāya, or to ud + sru

…

1. (lit.)
   1. (good or proper) time, season: aruṇa-utu occasion or time of the sun(-rise) Dhp-a.i.165; utuṃ gaṇhāti to watch for the right time (in horoscopic practice), to prognosticate ibid. *s …

ensnared (?), bound, tied up SN.i.40 (= taṇhāya ullanghita C.; translated “the world is all strung up”).

pp. of uḍḍeti²

˚- speech, words; rare by itself (and in this case re-established from compounds and poetical, as at Snp.472 (yassa vacī kharā; explained at Snp-a.409 by “vācā”), Snp.973 (cudito vacīhi = vācāhi Sn …

Vana¹

neuter the forest; wood; as a place of pleasure sport (“wood”), as well as of danger & frightfulness (“jungle”), also as resort of ascetics, noted for its loneliness (“forest”). Of ( …

underwood, brushwood, thicket. Does not occur in lit meaning, except in exegesis of Dhp.283 at Dhp-a.iii.424 q.v. under vana¹. Another defⁿ is given at Snp-a.24 “taṇhā pariyuṭṭ …

Vara¹

adjective excellent, splendid, best, noble. As attribute it either precedes or follows the noun which it characterizes, e.g. -pañña of supreme wisdom Snp.391, Snp.1128 (= agga …

Varatta & Varattā

neuter & feminine a strap, thong, strip of leather SN.i.63; AN.ii.33; Snp.622; Dhp.398 (fig. for taṇhā); Ja.ii.153; Ja.v.45. As “harness” at Ja.i.175; as straps on a ship’s mast (to …

Varatta & Varattā

neuter & feminine a strap, thong, strip of leather SN.i.63; AN.ii.33; Snp.622; Dhp.398 (fig. for taṇhā); Ja.ii.153; Ja.v.45. As “harness” at Ja.i.175; as straps on a ship’s mast (to …

adjective (-˚) being in the power of, subject to, as in kodha˚; a victim of anger Ja.iii.135; taṇhā under the influence of craving Ja.iv.3 mātugāma˚; fond of women Ja.iii.277. …

…wealth, i.e. Kṛṣṇa (Kaṇha) Mil.191 (as ˚devā followers of K.); Ja.v.326 (here in T. as ādicco vāsudevo pabhankaro, explained in C….

Vattanī & ˚i

(f.) a track, a road Ja.i.196, Ja.i.395, Ja.i.429; Ja.iii.200
■ kaṇha˚; leaving a black trail, epithet of the fire Ja.iii.140.

cp. Sk. vartanī, fr. vṛt

Vattanī & ˚i

(f.) a track, a road Ja.i.196, Ja.i.395, Ja.i.429; Ja.iii.200
■ kaṇha˚; leaving a black trail, epithet of the fire Ja.iii.140.

cp. Sk. vartanī, fr. vṛt

…haunted by fairies (parigaṇhanti) DN.ii.87.

• -kamma “act concerning sites,” i.e. preparing the ground for building…

(& -ī) a carpenter builder, architect, mason. On their craft and guilds see Fick, Sociale Gliederung 181 sq.; Mrs. Rh. D Cambridge Hist. Ind. i.206
■ The word is specially characteristic of t …

primary meaning “to increase” (trs. intrs.); hence: to keep on, to prosper, to multiply, to grow SN.i.15 (read vaḍḍh˚ for vaṭṭ˚); SN.ii.206 (vaṇṇena), SN.iv.73, SN.iv.250; AN.v.249 (paññāya); Snp.329 …

Name of one of the 9 angas (see nava) or divisions of the Canon according to matter AN.ii.7, AN.ii.103, AN.ii.178; AN.iii.88, AN.iii.107, AN.iii.361 sq.; AN.iv.113; Vin.iii.8 Pp.43; …

1. (f.) feeling, sensation (see on term, e.g. Cpd. 14 Mrs. Rh D. B. Psy., ch. iv.) DN.i.45; DN.ii.58 (cp. Dial. ii.54), DN.ii.66, DN.iii.58, DN.iii.77, DN.iii.221, DN.iii.228, DN.iii.238 (˚upādā …

“multifarious wants,” greediness, selfishness, avarice Snp.941 (= pañca macchariyāni Mnd.422, as at Cnd.614), Snp.1033 (where Ne.11 reads vivicchā); Pp.19, Pp.23; Dhs.1059 Dhs.1122; Cnd. s.v. taṇhā; D …

…see also under viggaṇhati; or “prātilomya” (i.e. meaning 3) Nirukta (ed. Roth), i.3; or paraphrase it by su˚; or…

adverb dividing, analysing, detailing; in detail (˚-) DN.iii.229 (˚vyākaraṇīya pañha “discriminating reply” translation); AN.ii.46 (˚vacana analysis)- -vāda the Vibhajja doctrine, i.e. the doctri …

1. power, wealth, prosperity DN-a.i.147; Ja.i.56; Ja.v.285; Mhvs.26, Mhvs.6; Dhp-a.i.6; Dhp-a.ii.9, Dhp-a.ii.84 Dhp-a.iv.7; Vv-a.5, Vv-a.302 (˚sampanna rich); Pv-a.122, Pv-a.130, Pv-a.176 Pv …

…Thag-a.202 (pada˚).

fr. vi + gah: see gaṇhati 3

…Divy.557, Divy.571; Jtm.143, 146.

pp. of viggaṇhati

…ākārehi gahetvā“ Vv-a.209).

vi + gaṇhati

1. discrimination, distinction, thought, (firm) opinion thorough knowledge of (-˚) AN.iii.354 (pāpakamma˚) Snp.327 (dhamma˚), Snp.838 (= dvāsaṭṭhi diṭṭhi-vinicchayā Mnd.186), Snp.867 (˚ṃ kūrute; cp. …

…latter passage reads viggaṇhati instead); Sdhp.45, Sdhp.496
pp virodhita.

Caus. of virundhati

…in foll. formula: taṇhakkhaya virāga nirodha nibbāna, e.g. SN.i.136; Vin.i.5; AN.ii.118; Iti.88
■ or combined with *nibbidā…

clinging to, adhering, attachment (to = loc.), sinful bent, lust, desire-It is almost invariably found as a syn. of taṇhā. P Commentators explain it with ref. either to *[visaṭa](/ …

Visaṭā & visatā

feminine “hanging on,” clinging, attachment. The word seems to be a quasi-short form of visattikā. Thus at Snp.715 (= taṇhā C.; spelling t); Dhs.1059 (translat …

Visaṭā & visatā

feminine “hanging on,” clinging, attachment. The word seems to be a quasi-short form of visattikā. Thus at Snp.715 (= taṇhā C.; spelling t); Dhs.1059 (translat …

adjective (-˚)

1. giving out, bestowing Pv-a.121
2. answering Ja.i.166 (pañha˚).

fr. vissajjana

one who answers (a question) AN.i.103 (pañhaṃ). Cp. vissajjāpetar.

n. ag. fr. vissajjeti

…setting with acchecchi taṇhaṃ), where the usual variant reading is vāvattayi (see vāvatteti). Thus at MN.i.12…

1. answer (pañha˚), explanation, exposition AN.i.197 AN.ii.46; AN.iii.119; Snp-a.63, Snp-a.99; Kp-a.75, Kp-a.76.
2. grammar (as one of the 6 angas) Snp-a.447; Pv-a.97.
3. prediction Ja.i.34, Ja. …

word, saying, speech; also as adj. (-˚) vaca speaking, of such a speech (e.g. duṭṭha˚ Pv.i.3#2, so to be read for dukkha˚)
■ DN.iii.69 sq., DN.iii.96 sq., DN.iii.171 sq. SN.iv.132 …

Vāna¹

neuter sewing, stuffing (of a couch) DN-a.i.86; Dhp-a.i.234 (mañca˚).

fr. vā²: see vāyati¹

Vāna²

neuter lit. “jungle” (cp. …

to struggle, strive, endeavour; to exert oneself SN.iv.308; SN.v.398; AN.iv.462 sq. (chandaṃ janeti v. viriyaṃ ārabhati cittaṃ paggaṇhāti); Pv.iv.5#2 Vb.208 sq.; Pp.51; Vism.2; Dhp-a.iii.336; Dhp-a. …

…Mnd.250; Cnd.606.

• -taṇha without craving Snp.83, Snp.741, Snp.849, Snp.1041, Snp.1060; Mnd.211 Cnd.607.
• -tapo…

indeclinable

1. as conjunction: if; constructed either with pres. indic., as: Snp.189; “yadi bodhiṃ pattuṃ icchasi” Ja.i.24 (v. 167); “yadi dāyako dānaṃ deti… etaṃ bījaṃ hoti” Pv-a.8; or pot.; o …

adverb as, like, in relation to, after (the manner of)
■ As prep. (with acc.): according (to some condition, norm or rule): yathā kāmaṃ (already Vedic) according to his desire …

adjective however much, whatever, as many (in correlation with ta˚; or tattaka) Ja.v.74 (= yāvant); Vism.184 (yattakaṃ ṭhānaṃ gaṇhāti… tattakaṃ…), Vism.293 (yatta …

lit. “yoking, or being yoked,” i.e. connection bond, means; fig. application, endeavour, device

1. yoke, yoking (rare?) Ja.vi.206 (meant here the yoke of the churning-sticks; cp. Ja.vi.209).
2. conn …

1. the yoke of a plough (usually) or a carriage Dhp-a.i.24 (yugaṃ gīvaṃ bādhati presses on the neck); Pv-a.127 (ratha˚); Sdhp.468 (of a carriage) Also at Snp.834 in phrase dhonena yugaṃ samāgamā w …

to go, go on to proceed, to go away
pres 1^st yāmi Pv.ii.8#8 (= gacchāmi Pv-a.107), Mhvs.10, Mhvs.3; 2^nd yāsi Ja.i.291 Mhvs.10, Mhvs.2 (kuhiṃ yāsi?); 3^rd *[yāti] …

adverb

1. (as prep.) up to (a point), as far as, how far so far that (cp. tāva I), both temporal and local, used either with absolute form of noun or adj. (base), or nom., or abl. or *acc …

absorption, resorption Mnd.429 (on Snp.945, which both in T. and in Snp-a reads ājava expl^d. by taṇhā in Nidd.). Note. Index to Snp-a (Pj iii.has ācāma.

fr. ā + cam

to take, receive, get Snp.121 (= gaṇhāti Snp-a.179), Snp.954 (= upādiyati gaṇhāti Mnd.444); Cp.i.4#3; Ja.iii.103, Ja.iii.296; Ja.v.366 (= gaṇhāti C.; cp. ādiyati on Ja.v.367) Mil.336.

a + deti, bas …

…ā. = acchinditvā gaṇhasi Pv-a.241) & ādapayi (Caus. formation fr. ādāti?) to take heed SN.i.132 (variant reading ādiyi, trsl….

taking up, getting, grasping, seizing; fig. appropriating clinging to the world, seizing on (worldly objects).

1. (lit.) taking (food), pasturing MN.iii.133; Ja.v.371 (& ˚esana)
2. getting, acquiring …

mirror Vin.ii.107; DN.i.7, DN.i.11 (˚pañha mirror-questioning, cp DN-a.i.97: “ādāse devataṃ otaretvā pañha-pucchanaṃ”), DN.i.80 DN.ii.93 (dhamna’-ādāsaṃ nāma dhamma-pariyāyaṃ desessāmi) SN.v.357 …

to beat, strike, press against, touch ppr. āhananto Mil.21 (dhamma-bheriṃ); Dāvs iv.50. ger. āhacca touching MN.i.493; Ja.i.330; Ja.vi.2, Ja.vi.200; Snp.716 = uppīḷetva Snp-a.498; Vism.420
pp …

feeding, support, food, nutriment (lit & fig.). The term is used comprehensively and the usual enum^n. comprises four kinds of nutriment, viz.

1. kabaḷinkāra āhāro (bodily nutriment, either …

1. orig. roosting place, perch i.e. abode settling place, house Ja.i.10 (geh˚); Mil.213; Dhp-a.ii.162 (an˚ = anoka), Dhp-a.ii.170 (= oka).
2. “hanging on”, attachment, desire, clinging, lust SN.i.13 …

1. entered upon, fallen into, possessed of, having done Vin.i.164 (āpattiṃ ā.); Vin.iii.90; DN.i.4 (dayāpanna merciful); Cnd.32 (taṇhāya).
2. unfortunate miserable Ja.i.19 (verse 124). Cp. pari˚. *Ap …

primary meaning “foundation”, from this applied in the foll. senses:

1. support, help, footing, expedient, anything to be depended upon as a means of achieving what is desired, i.e. basis of operatio …

adjective noun

1. endeavouring, striving, Pts.i.10 sq., Pts.i.32, Pts.i.52; Pts.ii.218; Vism.103, Vism.212, Vism.462, Vism.579 f. āyūhanī Dhs.1059 (“she who toils” trsl.) = Vb.361 Nd ii.taṇhā
2. (h …

to place, set up, fix, arrange, establish; appoint to (c. loc.); to place aside, save, put by, leave out Vin.ii.32 (pavāraṇaṃ), Vin.ii.191 (ucce & nīce ṭhāne to place high or low), Vin.ii.276 (pavāraṇ …